Local Patterns of Image Degradation Differentially Affect Refraction and Eye Shape in Chick

REFERENCES

• Curtin B J. The Myopias. Harper & Row, Philadelphia 1985
   Google Scholar
• Saw S M, Katz J, Schein O D, Chew S J, Chan T K. Epidemiology of myopia. Epidemiol Rev. 1996; 18: 175–187, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone R A, Flitcroft D I. Ocular shape and myopia. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2004; 33: 7–15, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallman J, Gottlieb M D, Rajaram V, Fugate-Wentzek L A. Local retinal regions control local eye growth and myopia. Science. 1987; 237: 73–77, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb M D, Fugate-Wentzek L A, Wallman J. Different visual deprivations produce different ametropias and different eye shapes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1987; 28: 1225–1235, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irving E L, Sivak J G, Callender M G. Refractive plasticity of the developing chick eye. Ophthal Physiol Opt. 1992; 12: 448–455, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irving E L, Callender M G, Sivak J G. Inducing ametropias in hatchling chicks by defocus-aperture effects and cylindrical lenses. Vision Res. 1995; 35: 1165–1174, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone R A, Lin T, Desai D, Capehart C. Photoperiod, early post-natal eye growth, and visual deprivation. Vision Res. 1995; 35: 1195–1202, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone R A, Liu J, Sugimoto R, Capehart C, Zhu X, Pendrak K. GABA, experimental myopia and ocular growth in chick. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003; 44: 3933–3946, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wildsoet C F, Pettigrew J D. Kainic acid-induced eye enlargement in chickens: differential effects on anterior and posterior segments. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1988; 29: 311–319, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrington M, Sattayasai J, Zappia J, Ehrilich D. Excitatory amino acids interfere with normal eye growth in posthatch chick. Curr Eye Res. 1989; 8: 781–792, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrlich D, Sattayasai J, Zappia J, Barrington M. Effects of selective neurotoxins on eye growth in the young chick. Ciba Foundation Symposium 155: Myopia and the Control of Eye Growth., G R Bock, K Widdows. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester 1990; 63–88
   Google Scholar
• Lin T, Zhu X, Capehart C, Stone R A. The ciliary ganglion and vitreous cavity shape. Curr Eye Res. 1996; 15: 453–460, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone R A, Lin T, Laties A M, Iuvone P M. Retinal dopamine and form-deprivation myopia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989; 86: 704–706, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone R A, Lin T, Laties A M. Muscarinic antagonist effects on experimental chick myopia. Exp Eye Res. 1991; 52: 755–758, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodos W, Erichsen J T. Lower-field myopia in birds: an adaptation that keeps the ground in focus. Vision Res. 1990; 30: 653–657, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miles F A, Wallman J. Local ocular compensation for imposed local refractive error. Vision Res. 1990; 30: 339–349, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallman J. Retinal control of eye growth and refraction. Prog Retin Res. 1993; 12: 133–153, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone R A. Neural mechanisms and eye growth control. Myopia Updates: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Myopia., T Tokoro. Springer, Tokyo 1997; 241–254
   Google Scholar
• Norton T T. Animal models of myopia: learning how vision controls the size of the eye. ILAR J. 1999; 40: 59–77, [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thorn F, Grice K, Held R, Gwiazda J (2000) Myopia: nature, nurture, and the blur hypothesis. Myopia Updates II Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Myopia. 1998, L L-K Lin, Y-F Shih, P T Hung, et al. Springer, Tokyo, 89–93
   Google Scholar
• He J C, Sun P, Held R, Thorn F, Sun X, Gwiazda J E. Wavefront aberrations in eyes of emmetropic and moderately myopic school children and young adults. Vision Res. 2002; 42: 1063–1070, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iuvone P M, Tigges M, Fernandes A, Tigges J. Dopamine synthesis and metabolism in rhesus monkey retina: development, aging and the effects of monocular visual deprivation. Visual Neurosci. 1989; 2: 465–471, [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iuvone P M, Tigges M, Stone R A, Lambert S, Laties A M. Effects of apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, on ocular refraction and axial elongation in a primate model of myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991; 32: 1674–1677, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo S S, Sivak J G, Callender M G, Diehl-Jones B. Retinal dopamine and lens-induced refractive errors in chicks. Curr Eye Res. 1995; 14: 385–389, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaeffel F, Bartmann M, Hagel G, Zrenner E. Studies on the role of the retinal dopamine/melatonin system in experimental refractive errors in chickens. Vision Res. 1995; 35: 1247–1264, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pendrak K, Nguyen T, Lin T, Capehart C, Zhu X, Stone R A. Retinal dopamine in the recovery from experimental myopia. Curr Eye Res. 1997; 16: 152–157, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohngemach S, Hagel G, Schaeffel F. Concentrations of biogenic amines in fundal layers in chickens with normal visual experience, deprivation, and after reserpine application. Visual Neurosci. 1997; 14: 493–505, [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schaeffel F, Diether S, Feldkaemper M, Hagel G, Kaymak H, Ohngemach S, Schwahn H. Myopia development as a result of visual deprivation? Systems analysis and possible biochemical correlates. Myopia Updates: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Myopia., T Tokoro. Springer, Tokyo 1997; 255–269
   Google Scholar
• Bartmann M, Schaeffel F, Hagel G, Zrenner E. Constant light affects retinal dopamine levels and blocks deprivation myopia but not lens-induced refractive errors in chickens. Vis. Neurosci. 1994; 11: 199–208, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megaw P L, Morgan I G, Boelen M K. Dopaminergic behaviour in chicken retina and the effect of form deprivation. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol. 1997; 25: S76–78, [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Schmid K L, Wildsoet C F. Inhibitory effects of apomorphine and atropine and their combination on myopia in chicks. Optom Vis Sci. 2004; 81: 137–147, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone R A, Lin T, Iuvone P M, Laties A M. Postnatal control of ocular growth: dopaminergic mechanisms. Ciba Foundation Symposium. 1990; 155: 45–57, discussion 57–62[CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rohrer B, Spira A W, Stell W K. Apomorphine blocks form-deprivation myopia in chickens by a dopamine D2-receptor mechanism acting in retina or pigmented epithelium. Vis Neurosci. 1993; 10: 447–453, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pendrak K, Lin T, Capehart C, Zhu X, Stone R A. Further correlates of retinal dopamine and eye growth in the chick. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995; 36(Suppl)S413, [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Schaeffel F, Howland H C. Visual optics in normal and ametropic chickens. Clin Vision Sci. 1988; 3: 83–98, [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Ehrlich D. Regional specialization of the chick retina as revealed by the size and density of neurons in the ganglion cell layer. J Comp Neurol. 1981; 195: 643–657, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyano K, Tanifuji Y, Elger E I, 2nd. The effect of halothane dose on striatal dopamine: an in vivo microdialysis study. Brain Res 1993; 605: 342–244, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pain L, Gobaille S, Schleef C, Aunis D, Oberling P. In vivo dopamine measurments in the nucleus accumbens after nonanesthetic and anesthetic doses of propofol in rats. Anesth Analg. 2002; 95: 915–919, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Votaw J R, Byas-Smith M G, Boll R, Halkar R, Goodman M M. Isoflurane alters the amont of dopamine transporter expressed in the plasma memebrane in humans. Anesthesiology. 2004; 101: 1128–1135, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whitehead K J, Rose S, Jenner P. Halothane anesthesia affects NMDA-stimulated cholinergic and GABAergic modualtaion of striatal dopamine efflux and metabolism of the rat in vivo. Neurochem Res. 2004; 29: 835–842, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wallman J, Wildsoet C, Xu A, Gottlieb M D, Nickla D L, Marran L, Krebs W, Christensen A M. Moving the retina: choroidal modulation of refractive state. Vision Res. 1995; 35: 37–50, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallman J, Winawer J. Homeostasis of eye growth and the question of myopia. Neuron. 2004; 43: 447–468, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrew R J, Dharmaretnam M. Lateralization and strategies of viewing in the domestic chick. Vision, Brain and Behavior in Birds., H P Zeigler, H-J Bischof. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 1993; 319–332
   Google Scholar
• Napper G A, Brennan N A, Barrington M, Squires M A, Vessey G A, Vingrys A J. The duration of normal visual exposure necessary to prevent form deprivation myopia in chicks. Vision Res. 1995; 35: 1337–1344, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Napper G A, Brennan N A, Barrington M, Squires M A, Vessey G A, Vingrys A J. The effect of an interrupted daily period of normal visual stimulation on form deprivation myopia in chicks. Vision Res. 1997; 37: 1557–1564, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith E L, III, Kee C-S, Ramamirtham R, Qiao-Grider Y, Hung L-F, Ward M. Peripheral vision can influence eye growth and refractive development in infant monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005; 46: 3965–3972, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X X, Schaeffel F, Kohler K, Zrenner E. Dose-dependent effects of 6-hydroxy dopamine on deprivation myopia, electroretinograms, and dopaminergic amacrine cells in chickens. Vis Neurosci. 1992; 9: 483–492, [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rada J A, Thoft R A, Hassell J R. Increased aggrecan (cartilage proteoglycan) production in the sclera of myopic chicks. Dev Biol. 1991; 147: 303–312, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rada J A, Matthews A L, Brenza H. Regional proteoglycan synthesis in the sclera of experimentally myopic chicks. Exp Eye Res. 1994; 59: 747–760, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rada J A, Brenza H L. Increased latent gelatinase activity in the sclera of visually deprived chicks. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995; 36: 1555–1565, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusakari T, Sato T, Tokoro T. Regional scleral changes in form-deprivation myopia in chicks. Exp Eye Res. 1997; 64: 465–476, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irving E L, Callender M G, Sivak J G. Inducing myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism in chicks. Optom Vis Sci. 1991; 68: 364–368, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauber J K, Oishi T. Kainic acid and formoguanamine effects on environmentally-induced eye lesions in chicks. J Ocul Pharmacol. 1990; 6: 151–156, [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li T, Troilo D, Glasser A, Howland H C. Constant light produces severe corneal flattening and hyperopia in chickens. Vision Res. 1995; 35: 1203–1209, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li T, Howland H. The effect of melatonin on eye growth in chicks raised under constant light. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999; 40(Suppl)S847, Abstract 4463[CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Ferree C E, Rand G, Hardy C. Refraction for the peripheral field of vision. Arch Ophthalmol. 1931; 5: 717–731, [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Deller J FP, O'Connor A D, Sorsby A. X-ray measurement of the diameters of the living eye. Proc Roy Soc (Lond) B. 1947; 134: 456–467, [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rempt F, Hoogerheide J, Hoogenboom W PH. Peripheral retinoscopy and the skiagram. Ophthalmologica. 1971; 162: 1–10, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoogerheide J, Rempt F, Hoogenboom W PH. Acquired myopia in young pilots. Ophthalmologica. 1971; 163: 209–215, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millodot M. Effect of ametropia on peripheral refraction. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1981; 58: 691–695, [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng H-M, Singh O S, Kwong K K, Xiong J, Woods B T, Brady T J. Shape of the myopic eye as seen with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Optom Vis Sci. 1992; 69: 698–701, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou X-D, Wang F-R, Zhou S-Z, Shi J-S. A computed tomographic study of the relation between ocular axial biometry and refraction. Myopia Updates: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Myopia., T Tokoro. Springer, Tokyo 1997; 112–116
   Google Scholar
• Mutti D O, Sholtz R I, Friedman N E, Zadnik K. Peripheral refraction and ocular shape in children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000; 41: 1022–1030, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidmann A, Schaeffel F, Guirao A, Lopez-Gil N, Artal P. Peripheral refractive errors in myopic, emmetropic, and hyperopic young subjects. J Opt Soc Am A. 2002; 19: 2363–2373, [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Schmid G F. Variability of retinal steepness at the posterior pole in children 7–15 years of age. Curr Eye Res. 2003; 27: 61–68, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferree C E, Rand G, Hardy C. Refractive asymmetry in the temporal and nasal halves of the visual field. Am J Ophthalmol. 1932; 15: 513–522, [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Westheimer G. Entopic visualization of the Stiles-Crawford effect. An indicator of eyeball shape. Arch Ophthalmol 1968; 79: 584–588, [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar