Zeaxanthin, a Retinal Carotenoid, Protects Retinal Cells against Oxidative Stress

REFERENCES

• Gale C R, Hall N F, Phillips D I, Martyn C N. Lutein and zeaxanthin status and risk of age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44: 2461–2465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan J S, Wang J J, Flood V, Rochtchina E, Smith W, Mitchell P. Dietary antioxidants and the long-term incidence of age-related macular degeneration: The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2008; 115: 334–341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delcourt C, Carriere I, Delage M, Barberger-Gateau P, Schalch W. Plasma lutein and zeaxanthin and other carotenoids as modifiable risk factors for age-related maculopathy and cataract: The POLA Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47: 2329–2335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang R C, So K F. Use of anti-aging herbal medicine, Lycium barbarum, against aging-associated diseases. What do we know so far?. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2007, [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomson L R, Toyoda Y, Langner A, et al. Elevated retinal zeaxanthin and prevention of light-induced photoreceptor cell death in quail. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43: 3538–3549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chucair A J, Rotstein N P, Sanqiovanni J P, During A, Chew E Y, Politi L E. Lutein and zeaxanthin protect photoreceptors from apoptosis induced by oxidative stress: Relation with docosahexaenoic acid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48: 5168–5177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schalch W. Carotenoids in the retina–A review of their possible role in preventing or limiting damage caused by light and oxygen. EXS 1992; 62: 280–298
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kowluru R A, Menon B, Gierbart D L. Beneficial effect of zeaxanthin on retinal metabolic abnormalities in diabetic rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49: 1645–1651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonne C, Muller A, Villain M. Free radicals in retinal ischemia. Gen Pharmacol 1998; 30: 275–280
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dreyer E B. A proposed role for excitotoxicity in glaucoma. J Glaucoma 1998; 7: 62–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neufeld A H. Nitric oxide: A potential mediator of retinal ganglion cell damage in glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol 1999; 43(Suppl 1)S129–135
   Google Scholar
• Wang W, Connor S L, Johnson E J, Klein M L, Hughes S, Connor W E. Effect of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin on plasma carotenoids and their transport in lipoproteins in age-related macular degeneration. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 762–769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanz M M, Johnson L E, Ahuja S, Ekstrom P A, Romero J, van Veen T. Significant photoreceptor rescue by treatment with a combination of antioxidants in an animal model for retinal degeneration. Neuroscience 2007; 145: 1120–1129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnamoorthy R R, Agarwal P, Prasanna G, et al. Characterization of a transformed rat retinal ganglion cell line. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2001; 86: 1–12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shimazawa M, Yamashima T, Agarwal N, Hara H. Neuroprotective effects of minocycline against in vitro and in vivo retinal ganglion cell damage. Brain Res 2005; 1053: 185–194
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jiang Y, Ahn E Y, Ryu S H, et al. Cytotoxicity of psammaplin A from a two-sponge association may correlate with the inhibition of DNA replication. BMC Cancer 2004; 4: 70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Motojima M, Hosokawa A, Yamato H, Muraki T, Yoshioka T. Uraemic toxins induce proximal tubular injury via organic anion transporter 1-mediated uptake. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 135: 555–563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adom K K, Liu R H. Rapid peroxyl radical scavenging capacity (PSC) assay for assessing both hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants. J Agric Food Chem 2005; 53: 6572–6580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai J, Jones D P. Superoxide in apoptosis. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 11401–11404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lornejad-Schafer M R, Lambert C, Breithaupt D E, Biesalsk H K, Frank J. Solubility, uptake, and biocompatibility of lutein and zeaxanthin delivered to cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells in tween40 micelles. Eur J Nutr 2007; 46: 79–86
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDevitt T M, Tchao R, Harrison E H, Morel D W. Carotenoids normally present in serum inhibit proliferation and induce differentiation of a human monocyte/macrophage cell line (U937). J Nutr 2005; 135: 160–164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimizu T, Numata T, Okada Y. A role of reactive oxygen species in apoptotic activation of volume-sensitive Cl− channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 6770–6773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hara H, Onodera H, Yoshidomi M, Matsuda Y, Kogure K. Staurosporine, a novel protein kinase C inhibitor, prevents postischemic neuronal damage in the gerbil and rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1990; 10: 646–653
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coral-Hinostroza G N, Bjerkeng B. Astaxanthin from the red crab langostilla (Pleuroncodes planipes): Optical R/S isomers and fatty acid moieties of astaxanthin esters. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 133: 437–444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sujak A, Gabrielska J, Grudzinski W, Borc R, Mazurek P, Gruszecki W I. Lutein and zeaxanthin as protectors of lipid membranes against oxidative damage: The structural aspects. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 371: 301–307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhosale P, Larson A J, Frederick J M, Southwick K, Thulin C D, Bernstein P S. Identification and characterization of a Pi isoform of glutathione S-transferase (GSTP1) as a zeaxanthin-binding protein in the macula of the human eye. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 49447–49454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foote C S, Chang Y C, Denny R W. Chemistry of singlet oxygen. XI. Cis-trans isomerization of carotenoids by singlet oxygen and a probable quenching mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 1970; 92: 5218–5219
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bone R A, Landrum J T. Distribution of macular pigment components, zeaxanthin, and lutein in human retina. Methods Enzymol 1992; 213: 360–366
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sommerburg O, Keunen J E, Bird A C, van Kuijk F J. Fruits and vegetables that are sources for lutein and zeaxanthin: The macular pigment in human eyes. Br J Ophthalmol 1998; 82: 907–910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantrell A, McGarvey D J, Truscott T G. Singlet oxygen quenching by dietary carotenoids in a model membrane environment. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 412: 47–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim S R, Nakanishi K, Itagaki Y, Sparrow J R. Photo-oxidation of A2-PE, a photoreceptor outer segment fluorophore, and protection by lutein and zeaxanthin. Exp Eye Res 2006; 82: 828–839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar