Elevated Activating Transcription Factor 4 and Glucose-Regulated 78 Kda Protein Levels Correlate with Inflammatory Cytokines in the Aqueous Humor and Vitreous of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

References

• Sivaprasad S, Gupta B, Crosby-Nwaobi R, Evans J. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in various ethnic groups: a worldwide perspective. Surv Ophthalmol 2012;57:347–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiscott P, Wong D, Grierson I. Challenges in ophthalmic pathology: the vitreoretinal membrane biopsy. Eye (Lond) 2000;14:549–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paques M, Massin P, Gaudric A. Growth factors and diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Metab 1997 Apr;23(2):125–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simó R, Carrasco E, García-Ramírez M, Hernández C. Angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Curr Diabetes Rev 2006 Feb;2(1):71–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramsey DJ, Arden GB. Hypoxia and Dark Adaptation in Diabetic Retinopathy: interactions, Consequences, and Therapy. Curr Diab Rep 2015 Dec;15(12):118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kant S, Seth G, Anthony K, Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) in vitreous fluid of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ann Ophthalmol (Skokie) 2009;413(4):170–173. Fall-Winter
   Google Scholar
• Rangasamy S, McGuire PG, Das A. Diabetic retinopathy and inflammation: novel therapeutic targets. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 2012;19:52–59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tang J, Kern TS. Inflammation in diabetic retinopathy. Prog Retinal Eye Res 2011;30:343–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamis AP, Berman AJ. Immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Semin Immunopathol 2008;30:65–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rangasamy S, McGuire PG, Franco Nitta C, Monickaraj F, Oruganti SR, Das A. Chemokine mediated monocyte trafficking into the retina: role of inflammation in alteration of the bloodretinal barrier in diabetic retinopathy. Plos One 2014;9(10):e108508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chernykh VV, Varvarinsky EV, Smirnov EV, Chernykh DV, Trunov AN. Proliferative and inflammatory factors in the vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Indian J Ophthalmol 2015;63(1):33–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arjamaa O, Pöllönen M, Kinnunen K, Ryhänen T, Kaarniranta K. Increased IL-6 levels are not related to NF-κB or HIF-1α transcription factors activity in the vitreous of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. J Diabetes Complications 2011;25(6):393–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tashimo A, Mitamura Y, Nagai S, Y N, Ohtsuka K, Mizue Y, et al. Aqueous levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Diabet Med 2004;21(12):1292–1297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen T, Nahari D, Cerem LW, Neufeld G, Levi BZ. Interleukin 6 induces the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor. J Biol Chem 1996;271:736–741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iurlaro R, Pinedo CM. Cell death induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress. Febs J 2016;283(14):2640–2652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni M, Lee AS. ER chaperones in mammalian development and human diseases. FEBS Lett 2007;581:3641–3651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang SX, Sanders E, Wang JJ. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation: mechanisms and implications in diabetic retinopathy. J Ocul Biol Dis Inf 2011;4(1–2):51–61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cardozo AK, Ortis F, Storling J, Feng YM, Rasschaert J, Tonnesen M, et al. Cytokines downregulate the sarcoendoplasmic reticulum pump Ca2+ ATPase 2b and deplete endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+, leading to induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress in pancreatic beta-cells. Diabetes 2005;54:452–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozawa K, Miyazaki M, Matsuhisa M, Takano K, Nakatani Y, Hatazaki M, et al. The endoplasmic reticulum chaperone improves insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2005;54(3):657–663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oshitari T, Hata N, Yamamoto S. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and diabetic retinopathy. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2008;4:115–122.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roybal CN, Yang S, Sun CW, Hurtado D, Vander Jagt DL, Townes TM, et al. Homocysteine increases the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor by a mechanism involving endoplasmic reticulum stress and transcription factor ATF4. J Biol Chem 2004;279(15):14844–14852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Wang JJ, Yu Q, Wang M, Zhang SX. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress is implicated in Retinal Inflammation and Diabetic Retinopathy. FEBS Lett 2009;583:1521–1527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Wang JJ, Zhang SX. Preconditioning with endoplasmic reticulum stress mitigates retinal endothelial inflammation via activation of X-box binding protein 1. J Biol Chem 2011;286(6):4912–4921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson CP, Ferris FL, Klein RE, Lee PP, Agardh CD, Davis M, et al. Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales. Ophthalmology 2003;110:1677–1682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altaweel M, Ip M. Macular hole: improved understanding of pathogenesis, staging, and management based on optical coherence tomography. Semin Ophthalmology 2003;18(2):58–66.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shen X, Chen Y, Wang Y, Yang L, Zhong Y. Intravitreal Ranibizumab Injection as an Adjuvant in the Treatment of Neovascular Glaucoma Accompanied by Vitreous Hemorrhage after Diabetic Vitrectomy. J Ophthalmol 2016;2016(10):1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Mesquida M, Leszczynska A, V L, Adán A. Interleukin-6 blockade in ocular inflammatory diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 2014;176(3):301–309.
   Google Scholar
• Rollins BJ. Chemokines. Blood 1997;90(3):909–928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitamura Y, Takeuchi S, Matsuda A, Tagawa Y, Mizue Y, Nishihira J. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in the vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmologica 2001;215(6):415–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong Y, Li J, Chen Y, Wang JJ, Ratan R, Zhang SX. Activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress by hyperglycemia is essential for Muller cell-derived inflammatory cytokine production in diabetes. Diabetes 2012;61:492–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ron D, Walter P. Signal integration in the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007;8(7):519–529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Wang JJ, Li J, Hosoya KI, Ratan R, Townes T, et al. Activating transcription factor 4 mediates hyperglycaemia-induced endothelial inflammation and retinal vascular leakage through activation of STAT3 in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2012;55(9):2533–2545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang H, Jing G, Wang JJ, Sheibani N, Zhang SX. ATF4 is a novel regulator of MCP-1 in microvascular endothelial cells. J Inflamm (Lond) 2015;12:31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang C, Bai N, Chang A, Zhang Z, Yin J, Shen W, et al. ATF4 is directly recruited by TLR4 signaling and positively regulates TLR4-trigged cytokine production in human monocytes. Cell Mol Immunol 2013;10(1):84–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar