1,967
Views
31
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

The Human Lacrimal Gland: Historical Perspectives, Current Understanding, and Recent Advances

, MBBS, MS & , MBBS, MS
Pages 1188-1198 | Received 21 Mar 2020, Accepted 20 May 2020, Published online: 15 Jun 2020

References

  • Vingerhoets A. Why only humans weep: unravelling the mysteries of tears. 1st. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2013.
  • Donthineni PR, Kammari P, Shanbhag SS, Singh V, Das AV, Basu S. Incidence, demographics, types and risk factors of dry eye disease in India: electronic medical records driven big data analytics report I. Ocul Surf. 2019;17(2):250–56. doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2019.02.007.
  • Hirschberg J. The renaissance of ophthalmology in 18th century. In: Hirschberg J editor. The history of ophthalmology. Vol. 1. Amsterdam: Wayenborg publications; 1984.
  • Ebers G, Ebers P, HermetischeBuch D URL link: https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/ebers1875bd1/0001
  • Susrutha I. Susrutha Samhita Uttaratantra 1/21.
  • Susrutha I. Susrutha Samhita Uttaratantra, 6/6-7, 22–23.
  • Dalhana. Susrutha Samhita Chowkhambha Orientalia Varanasi, 2002; Uttaratantra 1/18.
  • Susrutha I. Susruta samhita Sutrasthana 14/3.
  • Sushruta. Sushruta samhita dalhana comm.nibandhasangraha, chowkhambha orientalia varanasi, 2002, Uttaratantra 1/16.
  • Duke-Elder S, Wybar KC. The lacrimal glands. In: Duke-Elder S editor. System of ophthalmology. vol. ii. the anatomy of the visual system. Vols. 526–7. London: Henry Kimpton; 1961. p. 562–68.
  • Holomanova A, Ivanova A, Brucknerova I. Niels Stensen–prestigious scholar of the 17th century. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2002;103:90–93.
  • Tubbs RS, Mortazavi MM, Shoja MM, Loukas M, Cohen-Gadol AA. The bishop and anatomist Niels Stensen (1638-1686) and his contributions to our early understanding of the brain. Childs Nerv Syst. 2011;27(1):1–6. doi:10.1007/s00381-010-1236-5.
  • Whitnall SE. Anatomy of the human orbit and accessory organs of vision. 2 ed. London: Oxford Univ Press; 1932. p. 209.
  • Sappey. CR. Soc Biol Mem (Paris). 1853;5:13.
  • Krause C. Z Rat Med. 1854;4:337.
  • Krause F. Die Neuralgie D Trigeminus, Leipzig. 1896.
  • Wolfring. Zbl Med Wiss. 1872;10:852.
  • Ciaccio Moleschott’s. Untersuch Naturlehre D Mensch. 1876;11:420.
  • Murube J. The Schirmer test: celebration of its first centenary. Ocul Surf. 2003;1(4):157–59. doi:10.1016/S1542-0124(12)70011-3.
  • Schirmer O. Sur la sécrétion et l’excrètion lacrymale aprés extirpation du sac. com. to the deutsch ophthalmol ges (heidelberg 3 aug 1901). Abstract in Ann Ocul (Paris). 1902;128:218–19.
  • Schirmer O. Principios y métodos de vdeterminación funcional de lasv glándulas lagrimales. Arch Oftalmol Hisp-Amer. 1903;3:366–67.
  • Schirmer O. Über lidschlaglähmung und lidschlusslähmung zugleich ein beitrag zur lehre von der tränenabfuhr. Zeitsch Augenheilk. 1904;11:97–105.
  • Schirmer O. Über den einfluss des sympathicus auf die funktion der tr.nendrüse. Pflu¨ger’s Arch Ges Physiol. 1909;126(5–8):351–70. doi:10.1007/BF01677796.
  • Schirmer O. Studien zur physiologie und pathologie der tränenabsonderung und tränenabfuhr. Graefe’s Arch Ophthalmol. 1903;56(2):197–291. doi:10.1007/BF01946264.
  • Jones LT. The lacrimal secretory system and its treatment. Am J Ophthalmol. 1966;62(1):47–60. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(66)91676-X.
  • Ghafoor M. Sjögren’s before sjögren: did henrik sjögren (1899-1986) really discover sjögren’s disease? J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2012;11(3):373–74. doi:10.1007/s12663-011-0303-0.
  • Obata H. Anatomy and histopathology of the human lacrimal gland. Cornea. 2006;25(10 Suppl 1):S82–9. Review. doi:10.1097/01.ico.0000247220.18295.d3.
  • Jakobiec FA, Iwamoto T. The ocular adnexa: lids, conjunctiva, and orbit. In: Fine BS, Yanoff M, Hagerstown MD, Row H editors. Ocular histology: a text and atlas.. 2 ed. New York: Harper and Row; 1979. p. 318
  • Obata H, Yamamoto S, Horiuchi H, Machinami R. Histopathologic study of human lacrimal gland. Statistical analysis with special reference to aging. Ophthalmol. 1995;102(4):678–86. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(95)30971-2.
  • Takahashi Y, Watanabe A, Matsuda H, Nakamura Y, Nakano T, Asamoto K, Ikeda H, Kakizaki H. Anatomy of secretory glands in the eyelid and conjunctiva: a photographic review. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;29(3):215–19. doi:10.1097/IOP.0b013ex3182833dee.
  • Lorber M. Gross characteristics of normal human lacrimal glands. Ocul Surf. 2007;5(1):13–22. Review. doi:10.1016/S1542-0124(12)70049-6.
  • Eisler P. Die anatomie des menschlichen auges. in: schieck f, bruchner a editors. kurzes handbuch ophthalmol. Vol. 1. Berlin: Julius Springer; 1930. p. 237–38.
  • Prager A. Macroscopic and microscopic investigations on senile atrophy of the lacrimal gland. Bibl Ophthalmol. 1966;69:146–58.
  • Forrester JV, Dick AD, McMenamin PG, Lee WR. The eye. basic sciences in practice. 2 ed. Edinburgh: WB Saunders; 2002. p. 84.
  • Werb A. The anatomy of the lacrimal system. In: Milder B, Weil BA, editors. The lacrimal system. Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1983. p. 23–32.
  • Tripathi RC, Tripathi BJ. Anatomy of the human eye, orbit, and adnexa. In: Davson H editor. The eye. Vol. 1A. 3. Orlando, FL: Academic Press; 1984. p. 79.
  • Murray AN. Anatomy (gross) of the human eye and of its appendages. In: Wood CA editor. The American encyclopedia and dictionary of ophthalmology. Vol. 1. Chicago, IL: Cleveland Press; 1913. p. p 350.
  • Noyes HD. A textbook of diseases of the eye. New York, NY: Wm Wood Co; 1894. p 292.
  • Alt A. Original contributions concerning the glandular structures appertaining to the human eye and its appendages. Trans Acad Sci St Louis. 1900;10:185–207.
  • Kim EC, Doh SH, Chung SY, Yoon SY, Kim MS, Chung SK, Shin MC, Hwang HS. Direct visualization of aqueous tear secretion from lacrimal gland. Acta Ophthalmol. 2017;95(4):e314–e322. doi:10.1111/aos.13335.
  • Tucker SM, Lambert RW. Vascular anatomy of the lacrimal gland. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;14(4):235–38. doi:10.1097/00002341-199807000-00002.
  • Scott G, Balsiger H, Kluckman M, Fan J, Gest T. Patterns of innervation of the lacrimal gland with clinical application. Clin Anat. 2014;27(8):1174–77. doi:10.1002/ca.22447.
  • Dartt DA. Neural regulation of lacrimal gland secretory processes: relevance in dry eye diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2009;28(3):155–77. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.04.003.
  • Seifert P, Stuppi S, Spitznas M, Weihe E. Differential distribution of neuronal markers and neuropeptides in the human lacrimal gland. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1996;234(4):232–40. doi:10.1007/BF00430415.
  • Seifert P, Stuppi S, Spitznas M. Distribution pattern of nervous tissue and peptidergic nerve fibers in accessory lacrimal glands. Curr Eye Res. 1997;16(4):298–302. doi:10.1076/ceyr.16.4.298.10698.
  • Seifert P, Spitznas M. Demonstration of nerve fibers in human accessory lacrimal glands. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1994;232(2):107–14. doi:10.1007/BF00171672.
  • Ruskell GL. Nerve terminals and epithelial cell variety in the human lacrimal gland. Cell Tissue Res. 1975;158(1):121. doi:10.1007/BF00219955.
  • Esmaeli-Gutstein B, Hewlett BR, Harvey JT. Characterization of adrenergic receptors in the accessory lacrimal glands of the upper eyelid. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;15(4):245–51. doi:10.1097/00002341-199907000-00005.
  • Gilbard JP, Rossi SR, Heyda KG, Dartt DA. Stimulation of tear secretion by topical agents that increase cyclic nucleotide levels. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1990;31:1381–88.
  • Paulsen F, Langer G, Hoffmann W, Berry M. Human lacrimal gland mucins. Cell Tissue Res. 2004;316(2):167–77. doi:10.1007/s00441-004-0877-7.
  • Kobayashi M. Studies on lacrimal glands by use of electron microscope. Acta SOC Ophthal Jap. 1958;62:230–41.
  • Egeberg J, Jensen QA. The ultrastructure of the acini of the human lacrimal gland. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1969;47(2):400–10. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1969.tb02897.x.
  • Ito T, Shibasaki S. Lichtmikroskopische untersuchungen iiber die glandula lacrimalis des menschen. Arch Histol Jap. 1964;25(2):117–44. doi:10.1679/aohc1950.25.117.
  • Vigneswaran N, Wilk CM, Heese A, Hornstein OP, Naumann GO. Immunohistochemical characterization of epithelial cells in human lacrimal glands. I. Normal major and accessory lacrimal glands. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1990;228(1):58–64. doi:10.1007/BF02764293.
  • Franklin RM, Kenyon KR, Tomasi TB. [r.: immunohistologic studies of human lacrimal gland. Localization of immunoglobulins, secretory component and lactoferrin. J Immunol. 1973;110:984.
  • Kivelä T. Antigenic profile of the human lacrimal gland. J Histochem Cytochem. 1992;40(5):629–42. doi:10.1177/40.5.1374091.
  • Allansmith MR, Kajiyama G, Abelson MB, Simon MA. Plasma cell content of main and accessory lacrimal glands and conjunctiva. Am J Ophthalmol. 1976;82(6):819. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(76)90056-8.
  • Sullivan DA, Hann LE, Yee L, Allansmith MR. Age and gender-related influence on the lacrimal gland and tears. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1990;68(2):188–94. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1990.tb01902.x.
  • Cornell-Bell AH, Sullivan DA, Allansmith MR. Gender-related differences in the morphology of the lacrimal gland. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1985;26:1170–75.
  • Rocha EM, Alves M, Rios JD, Dartt DA. The aging lacrimal gland: changes in structure and function. Ocul Surf. 2008;6(4):162–74. doi:10.1016/S1542-0124(12)70177-5.
  • Gillette TE, Allansmith MR, Greiner JV, Janusz M. Histologic and immunohistologic comparison of main and accessory lacrimal tissue. Am J Ophthalmol. 1980;89(5):724–30. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(80)90295-0.
  • Seifert P, Spitznas M, Koch F, Cusumano A. The architecture of human accessory lacrimal glands. Ger J Ophthalmol. 1993;2:444–54.
  • De La Cuadra-Blanco C, Peces-Pena MD, Merida-Velasco JR. Morphogenesis of the human lacrimal gland. J Anat. 2003;203(5):531–36. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00233.x.
  • Tiwari S, Ali MJ, Vemuganti GK. Human lacrimal gland regeneration: perspectives and review of literature. Saudi J Ophthalmol. 2014;28(1):12–18. doi:10.1016/j.sjopt.2013.09.004.
  • Dietrich J, Schrader S. Towards lacrimal gland regeneration: current concepts and experimental approaches. Curr Eye Res. 2020;45(3):230–40. doi:10.1080/02713683.2019.1637438.
  • Gromova A, Voronov DA, Yoshida M, Thotakura S, Meech R, Dartt DA, Makarenkova HP. Lacrimal gland repair using progenitor cells. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2017;6(1):88–98. doi:10.5966/sctm.2016-0191.
  • Ali M, Shah D, Pasha Z, Jassim SH, Jassim Jaboori A, Setabutr P, Aakalu VK. Evaluation of accessory lacrimal gland in muller’s muscle conjunctival resection specimens for precursor cell markers and biological markers of dry eye disease. Curr Eye Res. 2017;42(4):491–97. doi:10.1080/02713683.2016.1214966.
  • Hirayama M, Liu Y, Kawakita T, Shimmura S, Tsubota K. Cytokeratin expression in mouse lacrimal gland germ epithelium. Exp Eye Res. 2016;146:54–59. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2015.11.020.
  • Meneray MA, Fields TY, Moses RL, Bromberg BB, Moses RL, Fields TY, Moses RL, Bromberg BB, Moses RL, Fields TY, et al. Morphology and physiologic responsiveness of cultured rabbit lacrimal acini. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994;35:4144–58.
  • Rismondo V, Gierow JP, Lambert RW, Golchini K, Feldon SE, Mircheff AK. Rabbit lacrimal acinar cells in primary culture: morphology and acute responses to cholinergic stimulation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994;35:1176–83.
  • Garg A, Zhang X. Lacrimal gland development: from signaling interactions to regenerative medicine. Dev Dyn. 2017;246(12):970–80. doi:10.1002/dvdy.24551.
  • Shatos MA, Haugaard-Kedstrom L, Hodges RR, Dartt DA. Isolation and characterization of progenitor cells in uninjured, adult rat lacrimal gland. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53(6):2749–59. doi:10.1167/iovs.11-9025.
  • Spaniol K, Metzger M, Roth M, Greve B, Mertsch S, Geerling G, Schrader S. Engineering of a secretory active three-dimensional lacrimal gland construct on the basis of decellularized lacrimal gland tissue. Tissue Eng Part A. 2015;21(19–20):2605–17. doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0694.
  • Lin H, Liu Y, He H, Botsford B, Yiu S. Lacrimal gland repair after short-term obstruction of excretory duct in rabbits. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):8290. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08197-2.
  • Liu Y, Hirayama M, Kawakita T, Tsubota K. A ligation of the lacrimal excretory duct in mouse induces lacrimal gland inflammation with proliferative cells. Stem Cells Int. 2017;2017:4923426.
  • Zoukhri D, Fix A, Alroy J, Kublin CL. Mechanisms of murine lacrimal gland repair after experimentally induced inflammation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49(10):4399. doi:10.1167/iovs.08-1730.
  • Dietrich J, Schlegel C, Roth M, Witt J, Geerling G, Mertsch S, Schrader S. Comparative analysis on the dynamic of lacrimal gland damage and regeneration after Interleukin-1α or duct ligation induced dry eye disease in mice. Exp Eye Res. 2018;172:66–77. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2018.03.026.
  • Villatoro AJ, Fernández V, Claros S, Rico-Llanos GA, Becerra J, Andrades JA. Use of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in keratoconjunctivitis sicca in a canine model. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:1–10. doi:10.1155/2015/527926.
  • Lee MJ, Ko AY, Ko JH, Lee HJ, Kim MK, Wee WR, Khwarg SI, Oh JY. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells protect the ocular surface by suppressing inflammation in an experimental dry eye. Mol Ther. 2015;23(1):139–46. doi:10.1038/mt.2014.159.
  • Bittencourt MK, Barros MA, Martins JFP, Vasconcellos JPC, Morais BP, Pompeia C, Bittencourt MD, KdS E, Kerkis I, Wenceslau CV, et al. Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Cell Med. 2016;8(3):63–77. doi:10.3727/215517916X693366.
  • Aluri HS, Samizadeh M, Edman MC, Hawley DR, Armaos HL, Janga SR, Meng Z, Sendra VG, Hamrah P, Kublin CL. Delivery of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells improves tear production in a mouse model of sjögren’s syndrome. Stem Cells Int. 2017;2017:1–10. doi:10.1155/2017/3134543.
  • Shi B, Qi J, Yao G, Feng R, Zhang Z, Wang D, Chen C, Tang X, Lu L, Chen W, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation ameliorates sjögren’s syndrome via suppressing il-12 production by dendritic cells. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2018;9(1):308. doi:10.1186/s13287-018-1023-x.
  • Dietrich J, Roth M, König S, Geerling G, Mertsch S, Schrader S. Analysis of lacrimal gland derived mesenchymal stem cell secretome and its impact on epithelial cell survival. Stem Cell Res. 2019;38:101477. doi:10.1016/j.scr.2019.101477.
  • Weng J, He C, Lai P, Luo C, Guo R, Wu S, Geng S, Xiangpeng A, Liu X, Du X. Mesenchymal stromal cells treatment attenuates dry eye in patients with chronic graft-versus- host disease. Mol Ther. 2012;20(12):2347–54. doi:10.1038/mt.2012.208.
  • Mafee MF, Haik BG. Lacrimal gland and fossa lesions: role of computed tomography. Radiol Clin North Am. 1987;25:767–79.
  • Kawai Y, Sumi M, Kitamori H, Takagi Y, Nakamura T. Diffusion weighted MR microimaging of the lacrimal glands in patients with Sjogren’s syndrome. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184(4):1320–25. doi:10.2214/ajr.184.4.01841320.
  • Sato EA, Matsumoto Y, Dogru M, Kaido M, Wakamatsu T, Ibrahim OMA, Obata H, Tsubota K. Lacrimal gland in sjögren’s syndrome. Ophthalmol. 2010;117(5):1055–1055.e3. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.11.034.
  • Doh SH, Kim EC, Chung SY, Kim MS, Chung SK, Shin MC, Hwang HS. Optical coherence tomography imaging of human lacrimal glands: an in vivo study. Ophthalmol. 2015;122(11):2364–66. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.05.020.
  • Singh S, Basu S. Secretory ductules of the lacrimal gland. Ophthalmic Plast Reconst Surg. 2020; 1. [In press]. doi:10.1097/IOP.0000000000001687.
  • Jordan A, Baum J. Basal tear flow: does it exist? Ophthalmol (Rochester). 1980;87(9):920–30. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(80)35143-9.
  • Scherz W, Dohlman CH. Is the lacrimal gland dispensable? Keratoconjunctivitis sicca after lacrimal gland removal. Arch Ophthalmol. 1975;93(4):281–83. doi:10.1001/archopht.1975.01010020291009.
  • Lamberts P, Foster CS, Perry HD. The Schirmer test after topical anesthesia, and the tear meniscus height in normal eyes. Arch Ophthalmol. 1979;97(6):1082–85. doi:10.1001/archopht.1979.01020010536004.
  • Abusharha AA, AlShehri TM, Hakami AY, Alsaqr AM, Fagehi RA, Alanazi SA, Masmali AM. Analysis of basal and reflex human tear osmolarity in normal subjects: assessment of tear osmolarity. Ther Adv Ophthalmol. 2018;10:2515841418794886.
  • Singh S, Basu S. Effect of topical anesthesia on the secretory activity of the main lacrimal gland. Cornea.2020; [In press].
  • Stapleton F, Alves M, Bunya VY, Jalbert I, Lekhanont K, Malet F, Na KS, Schaumberg D, Uchino M, Vehof J, et al. TFOS DEWS II Epidemiology Report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):334–65. doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.003.
  • Singh S, Narang P, Vashist U, Mittal V. Histomorphological changes in lachrymal glands of patients with chronic stevens-johnson syndrome. Cornea. 2019;38(9):e39–e40. doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000002037.