Bulbar Conjunctival Microvascular Alterations in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy Patients with Different Activities

References

• Dutton JJ. Anatomic considerations in thyroid eye disease. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2018;34:S7–S12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Smith TJ. Current concepts in the molecular pathogenesis of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci. 2014;55(3):1735. doi:10.1167/iovs.14-14002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei YH, Chen WL, Hu FR, Liao SL. In vivo confocal microscopy of bulbar conjunctiva in patients with graves’ ophthalmopathy. J Formos Med Assoc. 2015;114(10):965–72. doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2013.10.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naik MN, Vasanthapuram VH, Joseph J, Murthy SI. Microbial keratitis in thyroid eye disease: clinical features, microbiological profile, and treatment outcome. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019;35:543–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achtsidis V, Tentolouris N, Theodoropoulou S, Panagiotidis D, Vaikoussis E, Saldana M, Gouws P, Theodossiadis PG. Dry eye in graves ophthalmopathy: correlation with corneal hypoesthesia. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2013;23(4):473–79. doi:10.5301/ejo.5000259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta A, Sadeghi PB, Akpek EK. Occult thyroid eye disease in patients presenting with dry eye symptoms. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;147(5):919–23. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2008.12.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffrey PGMD, Farris RL, Gilbard JP. Ocular surface drying and tear film osmolarity in thyroid eye disease. J Acta Ophthalmologica. 1983;61:108–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park J, Kim J, Lee H, Park M, Baek S. Functional and structural evaluation of the meibomian gland using a lipiview interferometer in thyroid eye disease. Can J Ophthalmol. 2018;53(4):373–79. doi:10.1016/j.jcjo.2017.11.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danping H, Quan L, Huasheng Y, Yuxiang M. Changes of lacrimal gland and tear inflammatory cytokines in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. J Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55(8):4935–43. doi:10.1167/iovs.13-13704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shu X, Wang J, Hu L. A review of functional slit lamp biomicroscopy. Eye Vis (Lond). 2019 May 21;6:15.
   Google Scholar
• Liu Z, Wang H, Jiang H, Gameiro GR, Wang J. Quantitative analysis of conjunctival microvasculature imaged using optical coherence tomography angiography. Eye Vis (Lond). 2019 Feb 2;6:5.
   Google Scholar
• Chen W, Deng Y, Jiang H, Wang J, Zhong J, Li S, Peng L, Wang B, Yang R, Zhang H, et al. Microvascular abnormalities in dry eye patients. Microvasc Res. 2018;118(155):155–61. doi:10.1016/j.mvr.2018.03.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Hu L, Shi C, Jiang H. Inter-visit measurement variability of conjunctival vasculature and circulation in habitual contact lens wearers and non-lens wearers. Eye Vis (Lond). 2019 Apr 1;6:10.
   Google Scholar
• Hu L, Shi C, Jiang H, Shi Y, Sethi Z, Wang J. Factors affecting microvascular responses in the bulbar conjunctiva in habitual contact lens wearers. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59(10):4108–14. doi:10.1167/iovs.18-24216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi Y, Hu L, Chen W, Qu D, Jiang H, Wang J. Evaluated conjunctival blood flow velocity in daily contact lens wearers. Eye Contact Lens. 2018;44(Suppl 1):S238–S243. doi:10.1097/ICL.0000000000000389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Batawi HI, Alava JR, Galor A, Yuan J, Sarantopoulos CD, McClellan AL, Feuer WJ, Levitt RC, Wang J. Bulbar conjunctival microvascular responses in dry eye. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(2):193–201. doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2016.12.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mourits MP, Koornneef L, Wiersinga WM, Prummel MF, Berghout A. van der Gaag R. Clinical criteria for the assessment of disease activity in graves ophthalmopathy: A novel approach. Br J Ophthalmol. 1989;73(8):639–44. doi:10.1136/bjo.73.8.639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang H, Zhong J, DeBuc DC, Tao A, Xu Z, Lam BL, Liu C, Wang J. Functional slit lamp biomicroscopy for imaging bulbar conjunctival microvasculature in contact lens wearers. Microvasc Res. 2014;92:62–71. doi:10.1016/j.mvr.2014.01.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koutsiaris AG, Tachmitzi SV, Batis N, Kotoula MG, Karabatsas CH, Tsironi E, Chatzoulis DZ. Volume flow and wall shear stress quantification in the human conjunctival capillaries and post-capillary venules in vivo. Biorheology. 2007;44(5–6):375–86.
   Google Scholar
• Kord Valeshabad A, Wanek J, Zelkha R, Lim JI, Camardo N, Gaynes B, Shahidi M. Conjunctival microvascular haemodynamics in sickle cell retinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol. 2015;93:e275–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kord Valeshabad A, Wanek J, Mukarram F, Zelkha R, Testai FD, Shahidi M. Feasibility of assessment of conjunctival microvascular hemodynamics in unilateral ischemic stroke. Microvasc Res. 2015 Jul;100:4–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khansari MM, Wanek J, Tan M, Joslin CE, Kresovich JK, Camardo N, Blair NP, Shahidi M. Assessment of conjunctival microvascular hemodynamics in stages of diabetic microvasculopathy. Sci Rep. 2017 Apr 7;7:45916.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Startseva J, Sulimova N, Cherkassov V, Kon K, Lysov A. The diagnosis of transcapillary flow disturbances in the lungs of lung cancer. J Clin Hemorheol Microcircul. 2006;35:305–06.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagliardo C, Radellini S, Morreale Bubella R, Falanga G, Richiusa P, Vadala M, Ciresi A, Midiri M, Giordano C. Lacrimal gland herniation in graves ophthalmopathy: A simple and useful MRI biomarker of disease activity. Eur Radiol. 2020;30(4):2138–41. doi:10.1007/s00330-019-06570-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu Z, Jiang H, Tao A, Wu S, Yan W, Yuan J, Liu C, DeBuc DC, Wang J. Measurement variability of the bulbar conjunctival microvasculature in healthy subjects using functional slit lamp biomicroscopy (fslb). Microvasc Res. 2015;101(15):15–19. doi:10.1016/j.mvr.2015.05.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins JR, Furlanetto RP, Oliveira LM, Mendes A, Passerotti CC, Chiamolera MI, Rocha AJ, Manso PG, Nader HB, Dietrich CP, et al. Comparison of practical methods for urinary glycosaminoglycans and serum hyaluronan with clinical activity scores in patients with graves’ ophthalmopathy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2004;60(6):726–33. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02044.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert JA, Gianoukakis AG, Salehi S, Moorhead J, Rao PV, Khan MZ, McGregor AM, Smith TJ, Banga J. Monoclonal pathogenic antibodies to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor in graves” disease with potent thyroid-stimulating activity but differential blocking activity activate multiple signaling pathways. J Immunol. 2006;176(8):5084–92. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.176.8.5084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong LL, Lee NG, Amarnani D, Choi CJ, Bielenberg DR, Freitag SK, D’Amore PA, Kim LA. Orbital angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in thyroid eye disease: an analysis of vascular growth factors with clinical correlation. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(9):2028–36. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.05.052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walasik-Szemplinska D, Pauk-Domanska M, Sanocka U, Sudol-Szopinska I. Doppler imaging of orbital vessels in the assessment of the activity and severity of thyroid-associated orbitopathy. J Ultrason. 2015;15:388–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamshidian Tehrani M, Mahdizad Z, Kasaei A, Fard MA. Early macular and peripapillary vasculature dropout in active thyroid eye disease. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2019;257:2533–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Y, Tu Y, Bao L, Wu C, Zheng J, Wang J, Lu F, Shen M, Chen Q. Reduced retinal microvascular density related to activity status and serum antibodies in patients with graves’ ophthalmopathy. Curr Eye Res. 2020 May;45(5):576–584.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Yuan J, Jiang H, Yan W, Cintron-Colon HR, Perez VL, DeBuc DC, Feuer WJ, Wang J. Vessel sampling and blood flow velocity distribution with vessel diameter for characterizing the human bulbar conjunctival microvasculature. Eye Contact Lens. 2016;42(2):135–40. doi:10.1097/ICL.0000000000000146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang H, Ye Y, DeBuc DC, Lam BL, Rundek T, Tao A, Shao Y, Wang J. Human conjunctival microvasculature assessed with a retinal function imager (RFI). Microvasc Res. 2013;85:134–37. doi:10.1016/j.mvr.2012.10.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar