References
- Schmidt-Erfurth U, Chong V, Loewenstein A, Larsen M, Souied E, Schlingemann R, Eldem B, Mones J, Richard G, Bandello F. Guidelines for the management of neovascular age-related macular degeneration by the European society of retina specialists (euretina). Br J Ophthalmol. 2014;98(9):1144–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305702.
- Schmidt-Erfurth U, Garcia-Arumi J, Bandello F, Berg K, Chakravarthy U, Gerendas BS, Jonas J, Larsen M, Tadayoni R, Loewenstein A. Guidelines for the management of diabetic macular edema by the European society of retina specialists (euretina). Ophthalmologica. 2017;237(4):185–222. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000458539.
- Pertl L, Steinwender G, Mayer C, Hausberger S, Pöschl EM, Wackernagel W, Wedrich A, El-Shabrawi Y, Haas A. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the safety of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0129383. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129383.
- Ji S, Wei Y, Chen J, Tang S. Clinical efficacy of anti-VEGF medications for central serous chorioretinopathy: a meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pharm. 2017;39(3):514–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-017-0460-4.
- Zhang Y, Han Q, Ru Y, Bo Q, Wei RH. Anti-VEGF treatment for myopic choroid neovascularization: from molecular characterization to update on clinical application. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015;9:3413–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S87920.
- Klettner A. VEGF-a and its inhibitors in age-related macular degeneration - pharmacokinetic differences and their reitnal and systemic implications. J Biochem Pharmacol Res. 2014;2:8–20.
- Klettner A, Roider J. Treating age-related macular degeneration - interaction of VEGF-antagonists with their target. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2009;9(9):1127–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.2174/138955709788922665.
- Holash J, Davis S, Papadopoulos N, Croll SD, Ho L, Russell M, Boland P, Leidich R, Hylton D, Burova E, et al. VEGF-trap: a VEGF blocker with potent antitumor effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99(17):11393–98. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.172398299.
- Presta LG, Chen H, O’Connor SJ, Chisholm V, Meng YG, Krummen L, Winkler M, Ferrara N. Humanization of an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody for the therapy of solid tumors and other disorders. Cancer Res. 1997;57:4593–99.
- Rofagha S, Bhisitkul RB, Boyer DS, Sadda SR, Zhang K. Seven-year outcomes in ranibizumab-treated patients in anchor, marina, and horizon: a multicenter cohort study (seven-up). Ophthalmology. 2013;120(11):2292–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.03.046.
- Young M, Chui L, Fallah N, Or C, Merkur AB, Kirker AW, Albiani DA, Forooghian F. Exacerbation of choroidal and retinal pigment epithelial atrophy after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Retina. 2014;34(7):1308–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000000081.
- Gerding H. Long-term results of intravitreal anti-VEGF injections in wet AMD: a meta-analysis. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 2016;233(4):471–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-111835.
- Horani M, Mahmood S, Aslam TM. A review of macular atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration: what is the link? Part ii. Ophthalmol Ther. 2020;9(1):35–75. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-019-00227-8.
- Miki A, Miki K, Ueno S, Wersinger DM, Berlinicke C, Shaw GC, Usui S, Wang Y, Zack DJ, Campochiaro PA. Prolonged blockade of VEGF receptors does not damage retinal photoreceptors or ganglion cells. J Cell Physiol. 2010;224(1):262–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.22129.
- Ueno S, Pease ME, Wersinger DM, Masuda T, Vinores SA, Licht T, Zack DJ, Quigley H, Keshet E, Campochiaro PA. Prolonged blockade of VEGF family members does not cause identifiable damage to retinal neurons or vessels. J Cell Physiol. 2008;217(1):13–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.21445.
- Saint-Geniez M, Maharaj AS, Walshe TE, Tucker BA, Sekiyama E, Kurihara T, Darland DC, Young MJ, D’Amore PA. Endogenous VEGF is required for visual function: evidence for a survival role on Muller cells and photoreceptors. PLoS One. 2008;3(11):e3554. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003554.
- Kurihara T, Westenskow PD, Bravo S, Aguilar E, Friedlander M. Targeted deletion of vegfa in adult mice induces vision loss. J Clin Invest. 2012;122(11):4213–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI65157.
- Strauss O. The retinal pigment epithelium in visual function. Physiol Rev. 2005;85(3):845–81. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00021.2004.
- Bhutto I, Lutty G. Understanding age-related macular degeneration (AMD): relationships between the photoreceptor/retinal pigment epithelium/bruch’s membrane/choriocapillaris complex. Mol Aspects Med. 2012;33(4):295–317. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2012.04.005.
- Somasundaran S, Constable IJ, Mellough CB, Carvalho LS. Retinal pigment epithelium and age-related macular degeneration: a review of major disease mechanisms. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020;48:1043–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ceo.13834.
- Peters S, Heiduschka P, Julien S, Ziemssen F, Fietz H, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Schraermeyer U. Ultrastructural findings in the primate eye after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143(6):995–1002. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2007.03.007.
- Klettner A, Tahmaz N, Dithmer M, Richert E, Roider J. Effects of aflibercept on primary rpe cells: toxicity, wound healing, uptake and phagocytosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2014;98(10):1448–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305105.
- Klettner AK, Kruse ML, Meyer T, Wesch D, Kabelitz D, Roider J. Different properties of VEGF-antagonists: bevacizumab but not ranibizumab accumulates in rpe cells. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2009;247(12):1601–08. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-009-1136-0.
- Klettner A, Möhle F, Roider J. Intracellular bevacizumab reduces phagocytotic uptake in rpe cells. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010;248(6):819–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-010-1317-x.
- Miura Y, Klettner A, Roider J. VEGF antagonists decrease barrier function of retinal pigment epithelium in vitro: possible participation of intracellular glutathione. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51(9):4848–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.09-4699.
- Spitzer MS, Wallenfels-Thilo B, Sierra A, Yoeruek E, Peters S, Henke-Fahle S, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Szurman P. Antiproliferative and cytotoxic properties of bevacizumab on different ocular cells. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90(10):1316–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2006.095190.
- Saenz-de-viteri M, Fernández-Robredo P, Hernández M, Bezunartea J, Reiter N, Recalde S, García-Layana A. Single- and repeated-dose toxicity study of bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept in arpe-19 cells under normal and oxidative stress conditions. Biochem Pharmacol. 2016;103(129–139):129–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2015.12.017.
- Schottler J, Randoll N, Lucius R, Caliebe A, Roider J, Klettner A. Long-term treatment with anti-VEGF does not induce cell aging in primary retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res. 2018;171(1–11):1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2018.03.002.
- Klettner A, Roider J. Comparison of bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and pegaptanib in vitro: efficiency and possible additional pathways. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49(10):4523–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.08-2055.
- Riss TL, Moravec RA, Niles AL, Duellman S, Benink HA, Worzella TJ, Minor L. Cell viability assays. In: Sittampalam GS, Grossman A, Brimacombe K, Arkin M, Auld D, Austin C, Baell J, Bejcek B, Caaveiro JMM, Chung TDY, et al., editors. Cell viability assays. Assay guidance manual. Bethesda (MD): Eli Lilly & Company and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences. 2004:335–360.
- Dithmer M, Fuchs S, Shi Y, Schmidt H, Richert E, Roider J, Klettner A. Fucoidan reduces secretion and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in the retinal pigment epithelium and reduces angiogenesis in vitro. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e89150. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089150.
- Klettner A, Mohle F, Lucius R, Roider J. Quantifying fitc-labeled latex beads opsonized with photoreceptor outer segment fragments: an easy and inexpensive method of investigating phagocytosis in retinal pigment epithelium cells. Ophthalmic Res. 2011;46(2):88–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000323271.
- Rohwer K, Neupane S, Bittkau KS, Galarza Perez M, Dorschmann P, Roider J, Alban S, Klettner A. Effects of crude fucus distichus subspecies evanescens fucoidan extract on retinal pigment epithelium cells-implications for use in age-related macular degeneration. Mar Drugs. 2019;17(9):538. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/md17090538.
- Klettner A, Brinkmann A, Winkelmann K, Käckenmeister T, Hildebrandt J, Roider J. Effect of long-term inflammation on viability and function of rpe cells. Exp Eye Res. 2020;108214. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2020.108214.
- Srinivasan B, Kolli AR, Esch MB, Abaci HE, Shuler ML, Hickman JJ. Teer measurement techniques for in vitro barrier model systems. J Lab Autom. 2015;20(2):107–126.
- Sadda SR, Tuomi LL, Ding B, Fung AE, Hopkins JJ. Macular atrophy in the harbor study for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(6):878–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.12.026.
- Maguire MG, Martin DF, Ying GS, Jaffe GJ, Daniel E, Grunwald JE, Toth CA, Ferris FL 3rd, Fine SL. Five-year outcomes with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(8):1751–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.03.045.
- Klettner A. Retinal pigment epithelium cell culture. In: Klettner A, Dithmar S, editors. Retinal pigment epithelium cell culture. Retinal pigment epithelium in health and disease. Cham (Switzerland): Springer Nature; 2020. p. 295–305.
- Middleton S. Porcine ophthalmology. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2010;26(3):557–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.09.002.
- Schnichels S, Paquet-Durand F, Löscher M, Tsai T, Hurst J, Joachim SC, Klettner A. Retina in a dish: cell cultures, retinal explants and animal models for common diseases of the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2021;81:100880. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100880.
- Hendrickson A, Hicks D. Distribution and density of medium- and short-wavelength selective cones in the domestic pig retina. Exp Eye Res. 2002;74(4):435–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/exer.2002.1181.
- Rizzolo LJ. Barrier properties of cultured retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res. 2014;126(16–26):16–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2013.12.018.
- Toops KA, Tan LX, Lakkaraju A. A detailed three-step protocol for live imaging of intracellular traffic in polarized primary porcine rpe monolayers. Exp Eye Res. 2014;124(74–85):74–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2014.05.003.
- Rusche B. The 3rs and animal welfare - conflict or the way forward? Altex. 2003;20:63–76.
- Flood MT, Gouras P, Kjeldbye H. Growth characteristics and ultrastructure of human retinal pigment epithelium in vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1980;19:1309–20.
- Mannagh J, Arya DV, Irvine AR Jr. Tissue culture of human retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol. 1973;12:52–64.
- Heier JS, Brown DM, Chong V, Korobelnik JF, Kaiser PK, Nguyen QD, Kirchhof B, Ho A, Ogura Y, Yancopoulos GD, et al. Intravitreal aflibercept (VEGF trap-eye) in wet age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(12):2537–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.09.006.
- Martin DF, Maguire MG, Fine SL, Ying GS, Jaffe GJ, Grunwald JE, Toth C, Redford M, Ferris FL 3rd. Ranibizumab and bevacizumab for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: two-year results. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(7):1388–98. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.03.053.
- Li E, Donati S, Lindsley KB, Krzystolik MG, Virgili G. Treatment regimens for administration of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;5(5):Cd012208. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012208.pub2.
- Brar VS, Sharma RK, Murthy RK, Chalam KV. Evaluation of differential toxicity of varying doses of bevacizumab on retinal ganglion cells, retinal pigment epithelial cells, and vascular endothelial growth factor-enriched choroidal endothelial cells. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2009;25(6):507–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/jop.2009.0028.
- Kim S, Kim YJ, Kim NR, Chin HS. Effects of bevacizumab on bcl-2 expression and apoptosis in retinal pigment epithelial cells under oxidative stress. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2015;29(6):424–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2015.29.6.424.
- Peng S, Adelman RA, Rizzolo LJ. Minimal effects of VEGF and anti-VEGF drugs on the permeability or selectivity of rpe tight junctions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51(6):3216–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.09-4162.
- Aboul Naga SH, Dithmer M, Chitadze G, Kabelitz D, Lucius R, Roider J, Klettner A. Intracellular pathways following uptake of bevacizumab in rpe cells. Exp Eye Res. 2015;131(29–41):29–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2014.12.010.
- Williams DS, Lopes VS. The many different cellular functions of myo7a in the retina. Biochem Soc Trans. 2011;39(5):1207–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1042/BST0391207.
- Borchers L, Roider J, Klettner A. Differences in uptake and intracellular fate between bevacizumab and aflibercept after repetitive long-term treatment in the rpe. Ophthalmic Res. 2020. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000511960.
- Dithmer M, Hattermann K, Pomarius P, Aboul Naga SH, Meyer T, Mentlein R, Roider J, Klettner A. The role of fc-receptors in the uptake and transport of therapeutic antibodies in the retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res. 2016;145(187–205):187–205. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2015.12.013.
- Huang J, Possin DE, Saari JC. Localizations of visual cycle components in retinal pigment epithelium. Mol Vis. 2009;15:223–234.
- Moiseyev G, Takahashi Y, Chen Y, Gentleman S, Redmond TM, Crouch RK, Ma JX. Rpe65 is an iron(ii)-dependent isomerohydrolase in the retinoid visual cycle. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(5):2835–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M508903200.
- Miraldi Utz V, Coussa RG, Antaki F, Traboulsi EI. Gene therapy for rpe65-related retinal disease. Ophthalmic Genet. 2018;39(6):671–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13816810.2018.1533027.