References
- Warrow DJ, Hoang QV, Freund KB. Pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy. Retina. 2013;33(8):1659–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182953df4.
- Cheung CMG, Lee WK, Koizumi H, Dansingani K, Lai TYY, Freund KB. Pachychoroid disease. Eye (Lond). 2019;33(1):14–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-018-0158-4.
- Siedlecki J, Schworm B, Priglinger SG. The pachychoroid disease spectrum-and the need for a uniform classification system. Ophthalmol Retina. 2019;3(12):1013–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oret.2019.08.002.
- Borooah S, Sim PY, Phatak S, Moraes G, Wu CY, Cheung CMG, Pal B, Bujarborua D. Pachychoroid spectrum disease. Acta Ophthalmol. 2020. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.14683.
- Akkaya S. Spectrum of pachychoroid diseases. Int Ophthalmol. 2018;38(5):2239–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-017-0666-4.
- Dansingani KK, Balaratnasingam C, Naysan J, Freund KB. En face imaging of pachychoroid spectrum disorders with swept-source optical coherence tomography. Retina. 2016;36(3):499–516. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000000742.
- Ayachit G, Ayachit A, Nadgir H, Joshi S. Validating the pachychoroid disease spectrum using multimodal imaging. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2018;66(7):1022–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_180_18.
- Lavinsky F, Lavinsky D. Novel perspectives on swept-source optical coherence tomography. Int J Retina Vitreous. 2016;2:25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40942-016-0050-y.
- Lee MW, Park HJ, Shin YI, Lee WH, Lim HB, Kim JY. Comparison of choroidal thickness measurements using swept source and spectral domain optical coherence tomography in pachychoroid diseases. PLoS One. 2020;15(2):e0229134. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229134.
- Afanasyeva MA, Budzinskaya MV, Plyukhova AA. Current understanding of pachychoroid spectrum diseases. VestnOftalmol. 2019;135:293–98.
- Demirel S, Yanık Ö, Nalcı H, Batıoğlu F, Özmert E. The use of optical coherence tomography angiography in pachychoroid spectrum diseases: a concurrent comparison with dye angiography. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2017;255(12):2317–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-017-3793-8.
- Sacconi R, Tomasso L, Corbelli E, Carnevali A, Querques L, Casati S, Bandello F, Querques G. Early response to the treatment of choroidal neovascularization complicating central serous chorioretinopathy: a OCT-angiography study. Eye (Lond). 2019;33(11):1809–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-019-0511-2.
- Savastano MC, Rispoli M, Lumbroso B. The incidence of neovascularization in central serous chorioretinopathy by optical coherence tomography angiography. Retina. 2021;41(2):302–08. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000002810.
- Borrelli E, Battista M, Gelormini F, Sacconi R, Querques L, Vella G, Viganò C, Bandello F, Querques G. Rate of misdiagnosis and clinical usefulness of the correct diagnosis in exudative neovascular maculopathy secondary to AMD versus pachychoroid disease. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):20344. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77566-1.
- Ryan SJ. Retina. Vol. 1. 4th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier Mosby; 2006.
- Demirel S, Değirmenci MFK, Batıoğlu F, Özmert E. Evaluation of the choroidal features in pachychoroid spectrum diseases by optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2021;31(1):184–93. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1120672119887095.
- Eymard P, Gerardy M, Bouys L, Mehanna C, Bertherat J, Behar-Cohen F, Bousquet E. Choroidal imaging in patients with Cushing syndrome. Acta Ophthalmol. 2020. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.14664.
- Nicholson B, Noble J, Forooghian F, Meyerle C. Central serous chorioretinopathy: update on pathophysiology and treatment. SurvOphthalmol. 2013;58:103–26.
- Lee M, Lee H, Kim HC, Chung H. Changes in stromal and luminal areas of the choroid in pachychoroid diseases: insights into the pathophysiology of pachychoroid diseases. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59(12):4896–908. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.18-25018.
- Yoshioka H, Katsume Y, Akune H. Experimental central serous chorioretinopathy in monkey eyes: fluorescein angiographic findings. Ophthalmologica. 1982;185(3):168–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000309239.
- Baek J, Lee JH, Jung BJ, Kook L, Lee WK. Morphologic features of large choroidal vessel layer: age-related macular degeneration, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, and central serous chorioretinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2018;256(12):2309–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-018-4143-1.
- Lee K, Park JH, Park YG, Park YH. Analysis of choroidal thickness and vascularity in patients with unilateral polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020;258(6):1157–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-020-04620-z.
- Pichi F, Morara M, Veronese C, Ciardella AP. The overlapping spectrum of flat irregular pigment epithelial detachment investigated by optical coherence tomography angiography. Int Ophthalmol. 2018;38(3):975–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-017-0547-x.
- Matsumoto H, Mukai R, Hoshino J, Oda M, Matsuzaki T, Ishizaki Y, Shibasaki K, Akiyama H. Choroidal congestion mouse model: could it serve as a pachychoroid model? PLoS One. 2021;16(1):e0246115. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246115.
- Matsumoto H, Hoshino J, Arai Y, Mukai R, Nakamura K, Kikuchi Y, Kishi S, Akiyama H. Quantitative measures of vortex veins in the posterior pole in eyes with pachychoroid spectrum diseases. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):19505. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75789-w.
- Lee A, Ra H, Baek J. Choroidal vascular densities of macular disease on ultra-widefield indocyanine green angiography.Graefes. Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020;258(9):1921–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-020-04772-y.
- Matsumoto H, Hoshino J, Mukai R, Nakamura K, Kikuchi Y, Kishi S, Akiyama H. Vortex vein anastomosis at the watershed in pachychoroid spectrum diseases. Ophthalmol Retina. 2020;4(9):938–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oret.2020.03.024.
- Jung JJ, Yu DJG, Ito K, Rofagha S, Lee SS, Hoang QV. Quantitative assessment of asymmetric choroidal outflow in pachychoroid eyes on ultra-widefield indocyanine green angiography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2020;61(8):50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.61.8.50.
- Spaide RF, Ledesma-Gil G, Gemmy Cheung CM. Intervortex venous anastomosis in pachychoroid-related disorders. Retina. 2020. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000003004.
- Chen Y, Yang Z, Xia F, Ning H, Hua R. The blood flow characteristics of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and the choroidal remodelling process after photodynamic therapy. Lasers Surg Med. 2018;50(5):427–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.22801.
- Gal-or O, Dansingani KK, Sebrow D, Dolz-Marco R, Freund KB. Inner choroidal flow signal attenuation in pachychoroid disease: optical coherence tomography angiography. Retina. 2018;38(10):1984–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000002051.
- Yun C, Huh J, Ahn SM, Lee B, Kim JT, Hwang SY, Kim SW, Oh J. Choriocapillaris flow features and choroidal vasculature in the fellow eyes of patients with acute central serous chorioretinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2019;257(1):57–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-018-4179-2.
- Saito M, Saito W, Hashimoto Y, Yoshizawa C, Fujiya A, Noda K, Ishida S. Macular choroidal blood flow velocity decreases with regression of acute central serous chorioretinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2013;97(6):775–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2012-302349.
- Saito M, Saito W, Hirooka K, Hashimoto Y, Mori S, Noda K, Ishida S. Pulse waveform changes in macular choroidal hemodynamics with regression of acute central serous chorioretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56(11):6515–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.15-17246.
- Rochepeau C, Kodjikian L, Garcia MA, Coulon C, Burillon C, Denis P, Delaunay B, Mathis T. Optical coherence tomography angiography quantitative assessment of choriocapillaris blood flow in central serous chorioretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018;194:26–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2018.07.004.
- Lehmann M, Bousquet E, Beydoun T, Behar-Cohen F. Pachychoroid: an inherited condition? Retina. 2015;35(1):10–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000000287.
- Lim HB, Kim K, Won YK, Lee WH, Lee MW, Kim JY. A comparison of choroidal thicknesses between pachychoroid and normochoroid eyes acquired from wide-field swept-source OCT. Acta Ophthalmol. 2021;99(1):e117–e123. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.14522.
- Baek J, Dansingani KK, Lee JH, Lee WK, Freund KB. Choroidal morphology in eyes with peripapillary polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Retina. 2019;39(8):1571–79. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000002188.
- Ijuin N, Tsujinaka H, Hirai H, Jimura H, Nakao S, Yamashita M, Nishi T, Ueda T, Ogata N. Clinical implications of pachyvessels in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. BMC Ophthalmol. 2020;20(1):170. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-020-01443-8.
- Balaratnasingam C, Lee WK, Koizumi H, Dansingani K, Inoue M, Freund KB. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: a distinct disease or manifestation of many? Retina. 2016;36(1):1–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000000774.
- Lee WK, Baek J, Dansingani KK, Lee JH, Freund KB. Choroidal morphology in eyes with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and normal or subnormal subfoveal choroidal thickness. Retina. 2016;36(Suppl 1):S73–S82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000001346.
- Spaide RF, Ledesma-Gil G. Choriocapillaris vascular parameters in normal eyes and those with pachychoroid with and without disease. Retina. 2020. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000002988.
- Jampol LM, Shankle J, Schroeder R, Tornambe P, Spaide RF, Hee MR. Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Retina. 2006;26(9):1072–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/01.iae.0000248819.86737.a5.
- Phasukkijwatana N, Freund KB, Dolz-Marco R, Al-Sheikh M, Keane PA, Egan CA, Randhawa S, Stewart JM, Liu Q, Hunyor AP, et al. Peripapillary pachychoroid syndrome. Retina. 2018;38(9):1652–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000001907.
- Lee JH, Park HY, Baek J, Lee WK. Alterations of the lamina cribrosa are associated with peripapillary retinoschisis in glaucoma and pachychoroid spectrum disease. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(10):2066–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.06.033.
- Nagia L, Huisingh C, Johnstone J, Kline LB, Clark M, Girard MJ, Mari JM, Girkin CA. Peripapillary pachychoroid in nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016;57(11):4679–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.16-19315.
- Takahashi A, Ooto S, Yamashiro K, Tamura H, Oishi A, Miyata M, Hata M, Yoshikawa M, Yoshimura N, Tsujikawa A. Pachychoroid geographic atrophy: clinical and genetic characteristics. Ophthalmol Retina. 2018;2(4):295–305. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oret.2017.08.016.
- Ellabban AA, Tsujikawa A, Ooto S, Yamashiro K, Oishi A, Nakata I, Miyake M, Akagi-Kurashige Y, Ueda-Arakawa N, Arichika S, et al. Focal choroidal excavation in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2013;156(4):673–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2013.05.010.
- Zheng-Yu C, Lei S, Wen-Bin W. Morphological changes of focal choroidal excavation. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2019;257(10):2111–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-019-04374-3.
- Chung H, Byeon SH, Freund KB. Focal choroidal excavation and its association with pachychoroid spectrum disorders: a review of the literature and multimodal imaging findings. Retina. 2017;37(2):199–221. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000001345.
- Lee SY, Cheng JL, Gehrs KM, Folk JC, Sohn EH, Russell SR, Guo Z, Abràmoff MD, Han IC. Choroidal features of acute macular neuroretinopathy via optical coherence tomography angiography and correlation with serial multimodal imaging. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2017;135(11):1177–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.3790.
- Dolz-Marco R, Glover JP, Gal-or O, Litts KM, Messinger JD, Zhang Y, Cozzi M, Pellegrini M, Freund KB, Staurenghi G, et al. Choroidal and sub-retinal pigment epithelium caverns: multimodal imaging and correspondence with Friedman lipid globules. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(8):1287–301. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.02.036.
- Querques G, Costanzo E, Miere A, Capuano V, Souied EH. Choroidal caverns: a novel optical coherence tomography finding in geographic atrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016;57(6):2578–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.16-19083.
- Sakurada Y, Leong BCS, Parikh R, Fragiotta S, Freund KB. Association between choroidal caverns and choroidal vascular hyperpermeability in eyes with pachychoroid diseases. Retina. 2018;38(10):1977–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000002294.
- Mikhail M, Nofal N, Sebag M. Retinal detachment associated with peripheral tear of the retinal pigment epithelium in pachychoroid spectrum disease. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2017;11(Suppl 1):S98–S101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/ICB.0000000000000426.
- Baek J, Lee JH, Lee WK. Retinoschisis in eyes with pachychoroid and retinal pigment epithelial atrophy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2019;257(9):1863–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-019-04388-x.
- Forte R, Coscas F, Serra R, Cabral D, Colantuono D, Souied EH. Long-term follow-up of quiescent choroidal neovascularisation associated with age-related macular degeneration or pachychoroid disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020;104(8):1057–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-315189.
- Matsumoto H, Kishi S, Mukai R, Akiyama H. Remodeling of macular vortex veins in pachychoroid neovasculopathy. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):14689. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51268-9.
- Batıoğlu F, Yanık Ö, Demirel S, Çağlar Ç, Özmert E. A case of Best disease accompanied by pachychoroid neovasculopathy. Turk J Ophthalmol. 2019;49(4):226–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.4274/tjo.galenos.2019.38073.
- Mehta N, Chong J, Tsui E, Duncan JL, Curcio CA, Freund KB, Modi Y. Presumed foveal bacillary layer detachment in a patient with toxoplasmosis chorioretinitis and pachychoroid disease. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2018. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/ICB.0000000000000817.
- Anzidei R, De La Mata G, Deane J. Polypoidal lesions associated to choroidal naevus: spectrum of pachychoroid disease? BMJ Case Rep. 2018;2018(bcr2018225571). doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-225571.
- Ersoz MG, Karacorlu M, Arf S, Hocaoglu M, Muslubas IS. Outer nuclear layer thinning in pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy. Retina. 2018;38(5):957–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000001655.
- Karacorlu M, Ersoz MG, Arf S, Hocaoglu M, Sayman MI. Long-term follow-up of pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy and lesion characteristics. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2018;256(12):2319–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-018-4144-0.
- Zhang F, Qiu Y, Stewart JM. A case of relapsing retinal pigment epithelial detachment in peripapillary pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2018;12(Suppl 1):S110–S113. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/ICB.0000000000000658.
- Sakurada Y, Fragiotta S, Leong BCS, Parikh R, Hussnain SA, Freund KB. Relationship between choroidal vascular hyperpermeability, choriocapillaris flow density, and choroidal thickness in eyes with pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy. Retina. 2020;40(4):657–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000002635.
- Ersoz MG, Karacorlu M, Arf S, Hocaoglu M, Sayman Muslubas I. Pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy in fellow eyes of patients with unilateral central serous chorioretinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018;102(4):473–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310724.
- Margolis R, Mukkamala SK, Jampol LM, Spaide RF, Ober MD, Sorenson JA, Gentile RC, Miller JA, Sherman J, Freund KB. The expanded spectrum of focal choroidal excavation. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129(10):1320–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.148.
- Obata R, Takahashi H, Ueta T, Yuda K, Kure K, Yanagi Y. Tomographic and angiographic characteristics of eyes with macular focal choroidal excavation. Retina. 2013;33(6):1201–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e31827b6452.
- Ghadiali Q, Dansingani KK, Freund KB. Focal choroidal excavation and choroidal neovascularization with associated pachychoroid. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2016;10(4):293–96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/ICB.0000000000000301.
- Iacono P, Battaglia Parodi M, Saviano S, Parravano M, Varano M. Large choroidal excavation in pachychoroid disease: a case report. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2019. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1120672119892428.
- Seo EJ, Moon TH, Kim DY, Chae JB. Choroidal inflammation and choriocapillaris ischemia in focal choroidal excavation in comparison to pachychoroid neovasculopathy. Retina. 2020. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000002980.
- Sheth J, Anantharaman G, Chandra S, Sivaprasad S. “Double-layer sign” on spectral domain optical coherence tomography in pachychoroid spectrum disease. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2018;66(12):1796–801. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_377_18.
- Fung AT, Yannuzzi LA, Freund KB. Type 1 (sub-retinal pigment epithelial) neovascularization in central serous chorioretinopathy masquerading as neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Retina. 2012;32(9):1829–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182680a66.
- Hwang H, Kim JY, Kim KT, Chae JB, Kim DY. Flat irregular pigment epithelium detachment in central serous chorioretinopathy: a form of pachychoroid neovasculopathy? Retina. 2020;40(9):1724–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000002662.
- Miyake M, Ooto S, Yamashiro K, Takahashi A, Yoshikawa M, Akagi-Kurashige Y, Ueda-Arakawa N, Oishi A, Nakanishi H, Tamura H, et al. Pachychoroid neovasculopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Sci Rep. 2015;5:16204. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/srep16204.
- Biçer Ö, Demirel S, Yavuz Z, Batioğlu F, Özmert E. Comparison of morphological features of type 1 CNV in AMD and pachychoroid neovasculopathy: an OCTA study. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2020;51(11):640–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.3928/23258160-20201104-06.
- Kato Y, Oguchi Y, Omori T, Shintake H, Tomita R, Kasai A, Ogasawara M, Sugano Y, Itagaki K, Ojima A, et al. Complement activation products and cytokines in pachychoroid neovasculopathy and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2020;61(13):39.
- Terao N, Koizumi H, Kojima K, Yamagishi T, Nagata K, Kitazawa K, Yamamoto Y, Yoshii K, Hiraga A, Toda M, et al. Association of upregulated angiogenic cytokines with choroidal abnormalities in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59(15):5924–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.18-25517.
- Lee GW, Roh HC, Kang SW, Kim AY, Noh H, Choi KJ. The implications of subretinal fluid in pachychoroid neovasculopathy. Sci Rep. 2021;11:4066.
- Hosoda Y, Miyake M, Schellevis RL, Boon CJF, Hoyng CB, Miki A, Meguro A, Sakurada Y, Yoneyama S, Takasago Y, et al. Genome-wide association analyses identify two susceptibility loci for pachychoroid disease central serous chorioretinopathy. Commun Biol. 2019;2:468. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0712-z.
- Hosoda Y, Yoshikawa M, Miyake M, Tabara Y, Ahn J, Woo SJ, Honda S, Sakurada Y, Shiragami C, Nakanishi H, et al. CFH and VIPR2 as susceptibility loci in choroidal thickness and pachychoroid disease central serous chorioretinopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115(24):6261–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802212115.
- Azuma K, Asaoka R, Matsuda A, Lee J, Shimizu K, Inui H, Murata H, Ogawa A, Yamamoto M, Inoue T, et al. Two-year outcome of treat-and-extend aflibercept after ranibizumab in age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy patients. Clin Ophthalmol. 2018;12:1589–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S172115.
- Hata M, Yamashiro K, Ooto S, Oishi A, Tamura H, Miyata M, Ueda-Arakawa N, Takahashi A, Tsujikawa A, Yoshimura N. Intraocular vascular endothelial growth factor levels in pachychoroid neovasculopathy and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58(1):292–98. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.16-20967.
- Carnevali A, Capuano V, Sacconi R, Querques L, Marchese A, Rabiolo A, Souied E, Scorcia V, Bandello F, Querques G. OCT angiography of treatment-naïve quiescent choroidal neovascularization in pachychoroid neovasculopathy. Ophthalmol Retina. 2017;1(4):328–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oret.2017.01.003.
- Bousquet E, Bonnin S, Mrejen S, Krivosic V, Tadayoni R, Gaudric A. Optical coherence tomography angiography of flat irregular pigment epithelium detachment in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina. 2018;38(3):629–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000001580.
- Kitajima Y, Maruyama-Inoue M, Ito A, Sato S, Inoue T, Yamane S, Kadonosono K. One-year outcome of combination therapy with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor and photodynamic therapy in patients with pachychoroid neovasculopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020;258(6):1279–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-020-04661-4.
- Hikichi T, Kubo N, Yamauchi M. One-year comparison of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor and half-dose photodynamic therapies for pachychoroid neovasculopathy. Eye (Lond). 2021. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-021-01418-z.
- Schworm B, Luft N, Keidel LF, Herold TR, Wolf A, Priglinger SG, Siedlecki J. Ranibizumab non-response in pachychoroid neovasculopathy: effects of switching to aflibercept. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):8439. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65370-w.
- Lotery A, Sivaprasad S, O’Connell A, Harris RA, Culliford L, Ellis L, Cree A, Madhusudhan S, Behar-Cohen F, Chakravarthy U, et al. for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy in patients with active, previously untreated disease for more than 4 months (VICI): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2020;395(10220):294–303. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32981-2.
- Padrón-Pérez N, Arias L, Rubio M, Lorenzo D, García-Bru P, Català-Mora J, Caminal JM. Changes in choroidal thickness after intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor in pachychoroid neovasculopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59(2):1119–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.17-22144.
- Tagawa M, Ooto S, Yamashiro K, Tamura H, Oishi A, Miyata M, Hata M, Yoshikawa M, Yoshimura N, Tsujikawa A. Characteristics of pachychoroid neovasculopathy. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):16248. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73303-w.
- Dansingani KK, Gal-Or O, Sadda SR, Yannuzzi LA, Freund KB. Understanding aneurysmal type 1 neovascularization (polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy): a lesson in the taxonomy of ‘expanded spectra’ - a review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2018;46(2):189–200. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ceo.13114.
- Sia DI, Ebneter A, Sinkar S, Gilhotra J. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: naked polyp. IntOphthalmol. 2013;33:67–69.
- Tamura H, Tsujikawa A, Otani A, Gotoh N, Sasahara M, Kameda T, Iwama D, Yodoi Y, Mandai M, Yoshimura N. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy appearing as classic choroidal neovascularisation on fluorescein angiography. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91(9):1152–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2006.112318.
- Bo Q, Yan Q, Shen M, Song M, Sun M, Yu Y, Rosenfeld PJ, Wang F, Sun X. Appearance of polypoidal lesions in patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy using swept-source optical coherence tomographic angiography. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2019;137(6):642–50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2019.0449.
- Nakashizuka H, Mitsumata M, Okisaka S, Shimada H, Kawamura A, Mori R, Yuzawa M. Clinicopathologic findings in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49(11):4729–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.08-2134.
- Kuroiwa S, Tateiwa H, Hisatomi T, Ishibashi T, Yoshimura N. Pathological features of surgically excised polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy membranes. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2004;32(3):297–302. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.2004.00827.x.
- Lafaut BA, Aisenbrey S, Van Den Broecke C, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Heimann K. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy pattern in age-related macular degeneration: a clinicopathologic correlation. Retina. 2000;20(6):650–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00006982-200011000-00010.
- Li M, Dolz-Marco R, Messinger JD, Sloan KR, Ferrara D, Curcio CA, Freund KB. Clinicopathologic correlation of aneurysmal type 1 neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmol Retina. 2019;3(2):99–111. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oret.2018.08.008.
- Chang YC, Cheng CK. Difference between pachychoroid and nonpachychoroid polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and their response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy. Retina. 2020;40(7):1403–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000002583.
- Sakurada Y, Kubota T, Imasawa M, Tsumura T, Mabuchi F, Tanabe N, Iijima H. Angiographic lesion size associated with LOC387715A69S genotype in subfoveal polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Retina. 2009;29(10):1522–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181af0d72.
- Sakurada Y, Kubota T, Imasawa M, Mabuchi F, Tateno Y, Tanabe N, Iijima H. Role of complement factor H I62V and age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 A69S variants in the clinical expression of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(7):1402–07. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.12.010.
- Tateno Y, Sakurada Y, Yoneyama S, Kikushima W, Mabuchi F, Sugiyama A, Tanabe N, Kubota T, Iijima H. Risk factors for second eye involvement in eyes with unilateral polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Ophthalmic Genet. 2016;37(2):177–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/13816810.2015.1020557.
- Fan D, Hua R. Different imaging characteristics between unilateral and bilateral polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. PhotodiagnosisPhotodynTher. 2019;26:1–7.
- Chen ZJ, Ma L, Brelen ME, Chen H, Tsujikawa M, Lai TY, Ho M, Sayanagi K, Hara C, Hashida N, et al. Identification of TIE2 as a susceptibility gene for neovascular age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020; bjophthalmol-2019-315746. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-315746.
- Simão JM, Farinha CV, Marques JP, Nunes S, Pires IM, Cachulo ML, Figueira JP, Murta JN, Silva RM. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Caucasians: morphological findings from multimodal retinal imaging. Ophthalmologica. 2021. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000515295.
- Kang NY, Ra H, Lee K, Lee JH, Lee WK, Baek J. Classification of pachychoroid on optical coherence tomography using deep learning. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2021. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-021-05104-4.
- Kim IK, Lee K, Park JH, Baek J, Lee WK. Classification of pachychoroid disease on ultrawide-field indocyanine green angiography using auto-machine learning platform. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020. bjophthalmol-2020-316108. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316108.
- Hosoda Y, Miyake M, Yamashiro K, Ooto S, Takahashi A, Oishi A, Miyata M, Uji A, Muraoka Y, Tsujikawa A. Deep phenotype unsupervised machine learning revealed the significance of pachychoroid features in etiology and visual prognosis of age-related macular degeneration. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):18423. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75451-5.