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Original Articles

NAFTA and the Emergence of Continental Labor Cooperation

Pages 173-196 | Published online: 11 Nov 2009

NOTES

  • Bronfenbrenner, Kate. “We'll close Plant closings, plant-closing threats, union organizing and NAFTA.” Multinational Monitor 18, no. 3 (March 1997); Dungan, Peter, and Steve Murphy. “The Changing Industry and Skill Mix of Canada's International Trade.” in Perspectives on North American Free Trade. Ottawa: Industry Canada, 1999; Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein and John Schmitt. The State of Working America. New York: Economic Policy Institute, 2000; Masse, Philippe. “Trade Employment and Wages: A Review of the Literature,” in Trade Policy Research 2001. Ottawa: Government of Canada, 2001.
  • Carr, Barry. “Globalization from Below: Labor Internationalism Under NAFTA.” International Social Science Journal 51, no. 1 (March 1999); Hathaway, Dale. Allies Across the Border. Cambridge, Mass.: South End Press, 2000; Moody, Kim. “NAFTA and the Corporate Redesign of North America.” Latin American Perspectives 22 no. 1 (Winter 1995).
  • Milward, Bob. “On the Consequences for the Empowerment of Labor in the Era of Globalization: a Marxian Perspective.” Presented at the 18th World Congress of the International Political Science Association, Quebec City, August 2000, 16. For an elaboration of the argument, see Milward, B. Globalization? Internationalisation and Monopoly Capitalism; Historical Processes and Capitalist Dynamism (forthcoming).
  • Ostry, Sylvia. “A Clarion Call to Whatever.” Literary Review of Canada 9, no. 6 (Summer 2001): 6.
  • Carr, Barry. “Globalization from Below: Labor Internationalism Under NAFTA.” International Social Science Journal 51, no. 1 (March 1999): 52.
  • Negri, Antonio. Empire. Boston: Harvard University Press, 2000.
  • Moody, “NAFTA and the Corporate Redesign of North America,” p. 95.
  • Gary Hubbard, USWA's political affairs director denies, however, that these protectionist measures have caused a rift in their close relations with Mexican unions. In interview, April 2002.
  • Larson, Simeon, and Bruce Nissen. Theories of the Labor Movement. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1987, p. 132.
  • Ibid.
  • Hassan, Khalil. “The Future of the Labor Left.” Monthly Review (July/August 2000): 60.
  • Ross, George. “Labor Versus Globalization.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (July 2000): 78.
  • The author is indebted to the anonymous reviewers of this journal for their suggestions in qualifying and strengthening this analysis.
  • interview with Gary Hubbard, Public Affairs, USWA, and Chris Townsend, Political Action Director, UE, April 2002.
  • Scott, Robert E. “NAFTA's Hidden Costs.” NAFTA at Seven. Economic Policy Institute, www.epinet.org/.
  • Dungan and Murphy, p. 98.
  • Cambell, Bruce. “False Promise: Canada in the Free Trade Era.” NAFTA at Seven. Economic Policy Institute, www.epinet.org/.
  • Ibid.
  • Trefler, Daniel. “The Long and Short of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement” in Perspectives on North American Free Trade. Ottawa: Industry Canada, 1999, p. 35.
  • Schwanen, Daniel. “Trading Up: The Impact of Increased Continental Integration on Trade, Investments and Jobs in Canada,” C.D. Howe Institute Commentary 89: 172.
  • Ibid.
  • Ibid.
  • Masse, p. 216.
  • Mishel, Bernstein and Schmitt, p. 172.
  • Ibid, p. 153.
  • Tonelson, Alan. Race to the Bottom. New York: Westview Press, 2000, p. 47.
  • Commission for Labor Cooperation. “Plant Closings and Labor Rights,” www.naalc.org/english/publications/nalmcp.htm, 1996.
  • Bronfenbrenner, p. 8.
  • Ibid.
  • Ibid.
  • Moody, Kim. “NAFTA and the Corporate Redesign of North America,” p. 102.
  • Ibid.
  • Ibid, p. 103.
  • Bensusan, Graciela. “Labor: Impacts and Outlooks.” In Encuentro Trinacional de Laboralistas Democratos: Anotlogia. Paper presented at the Trinational Labor Lawyer Association's meeting in Mexico City, February 22, 2002, p. 4.
  • interview with Salvador Medina, International Affairs Director, CTM, February 2002.
  • interview with Eduardo Torres, editor of the STRM's publication, Restaurador, February 2002.
  • Quoted in Hathaway, p. 38.
  • Moody, Kim. Workers in a Lean World. New York: Verso, 1997. p. 71.
  • Human Rights Watch. “Trading Away Rights: The Unfulfilled Promise of NAFTA Labor Side Agreement,” www.hrw.org/reports/2001/nafta/naftanafta0401–01.htm#P183–13604.
  • North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation. Objectives. www.naalc.org.
  • Ibid.
  • Graubert, Jonathan. “Emergent Soft Law Channels For Mobilisation Under Globalization: How Activists Exploit Labor and Environmental Side Agreements.” Paper presented to the Envireform conference, Toronto, 2000, p. 3.
  • North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation. Objectives. www.naalc.org.
  • Hon. Thomas Hockin. Address to the Conference on “Hard Choices, Soft Law,” Toronto, 8 November 2001.
  • “Review of the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation,” AFL-CIO Department of Public Policy. 30 January 1998, p. 3.
  • interview with Sheila Katz, National Representative, CLC, February 2002, and with Thea Lee, International Affairs Director, AFL-CIO, April 2002.
  • interview with Jim Stanford, economist with the CAW, February 2002.
  • interview with Mark Rawlinson, lawyer with the Canadian Steelworkers, January 2002.
  • interview with Chris Townsend, Political Action Director, UE, April 2002.
  • The CTM argues publicly that the side agreement is not relevant to Mexican workers because Mexican labor law is more progressive than Canadian and American legislation and violations represent exceptional cases and are specific to Ciudad Juarez. In interview with Salvador Medina, International Affairs, CTM, February 2002.
  • interview with Antonio Villalba, FAT, February 2002.
  • Bacon, David. “Testing NAFTA's Labor Side Agreement.” NACLA Report on the Americas (May/June 1998): 8.
  • Ibid, p. 6.
  • Ibid, p. 7.
  • Ibid.
  • Ibid, p. 9.
  • Human Rights Watch. “Trading Away Rights: The Unfulfilled Promise of NAFTA Labor Side Agreement.”
  • interview with Anthony Giles, Director of the NAALC secretariat, April 2002.
  • Quoted in “Deals for NAFTA Votes II: Bait and Switch,” Public Citizen, www.citizen.org/publications/release.cfm?ID=6825.
  • Trebilcock, Michael and Robert Howse. The Regulation of International Trade. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 1999, p. 442.
  • Graubert, p. 2.
  • Ibid.
  • Compa, Lance. “Another Look at NAFTA.” Dissent (Winter 1997): 48.
  • Ibid, p. 46.
  • Bello, Walden. “The Global Conjuncture: Characteristics and Challenges.” International Socialism Journal 91 (2001): 13.
  • Bickerton, Geoff. “The Labor Side Agreements: a Trojan Horse for Unions,” www.zmag.org/labor_side_accords.htm.
  • interview with Sheila Katz, CLC.
  • See Rosen, Fred. “The Underside of NAFTA: A Budding Cross-Border Resistance.” NACLA Report on the Americas 32, no. 4 (January/February 1999).
  • Graubert, p. 3.
  • Hathaway, p. 173.
  • Ibid.
  • Carr, p. 53.
  • Hathaway, p. 176.
  • Ibid.
  • Carr, p. 53.
  • Ibid.
  • Rosen, p. 38.
  • Quoted in Hathaway, p. 191.
  • Ibid, p. 193.
  • Ibid, p. 194.
  • Ibid.
  • interview with Eduardo Torres, STRM.
  • Ibid.
  • “The Social Dimmension of NAFTA” CLC Policy Paper, p. 81.
  • Maria de la Luz Arriaga Lemus, “NAFTA and the Trinational Coalition to Defend Public Education.” Social Justice 26, no. 3 (1999).
  • Moody, Kim. Workers in a Lean World, p. 240.
  • Ibid, p. 239.
  • Hathaway, p. 207.
  • interview with Antonio Villalba, FAT.
  • See Yates, Michael. “'Workers of All Countries, Unite:' Will this Include the U.S. Labor Movement?” Monthly Review (July/August 2000).
  • interview with Tim Beaty, Deputy Director of International Affairs, AFL-CIO, April 2002.
  • interview with Salvador Medina, CTM.
  • Caulfield, Norman. Mexican Workers and the State: from the Porfiriato to NAFTA. Fort Worth, Texas: Texas Christian University Press, 1998, pp. 126–127.
  • interview with Steve Beckman, Assistant Director of Governmental and International Affairs, UAW, April 2002.

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