Legalize or Prohibit It? Quebec’s Exceptionalism on Cannabis Regulation and the Framing of Evidence in Policymaking

References

• Adam, C., and A. Raschzok. 2014. “Explaining Trends in Addictive Behaviour Policy–the Role of Policy Coherence.” International Journal of Drug Policy 25 (3): 494–501. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.02.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asbridge, M., J. Valleriani, J. Kwok, and P. G. Erickson. 2016. “Normalization and Denormalization in Different Legal Contexts: Comparing Cannabis and Tobacco.” Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 23 (3): 212–223. doi:10.3109/09687637.2015.1118442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assemblée nationale du Québec. Hansard of the Committee on Health and Social Services. 2018. 42nd Legislature, 1st Session, November 27th, Vol. 45, n° 11. http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/travaux-parlementaires/commissions/csss-42-1/journal-debats/CSSS-190514.html
   Google Scholar
• Assemblée nationale du Québec. Hansard of the Committee on Health and Social Services. 2019. 42nd Legislature, 1st Session, February 12th, Vol. 45, n° 2. http://www.assnat.qc.ca/fr/travaux-parlementaires/commissions/csss-42-1/journal-debats/CSSS-190212.html
   Google Scholar
• Authier, P. 2018. “Quebec warns that growing cannabis at home will still be illegal.” Montreal Gazette, June 20th. https://montrealgazette.com/news/quebec/quebec-vows-to-fight-ottawas-pot-Bill-in-the-courts
   Google Scholar
• Association des intervenants en dépendance du Québec. 2019. Brief Presented to the Committee on Health and Social Services for the Special consultations and public hearings on Bill 2. Retrieved from http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/travaux-parlementaires/commissions/CSSS/mandats/Mandat-40453/memoires-deposes.html.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, Z. 2017. “Climate State: Science-state Struggles and the Formation of Climate Science in the US from the 1930s to 1960s.” Social Studies of Science 47 (6): 861–887. doi:10.1177/0306312717725205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchesne, L. 2018. “Légaliser le cannabis au Canada: Les défis à venir.” Drogues, santé et société 16 (1): 31–69. doi:10.7202/1044307ar.
   Google Scholar
• Barreau du Québec. 2019. Brief Presented to the Committee on Health and Social Services for the Special consultations and public hearings on Bill 2. Retrieved from http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/travaux-parlementaires/commissions/CSSS/mandats/Mandat-40453/memoires-deposes.html.
   Google Scholar
• Bélair-Cirino, M., and M. Vastel. 2019. “Québec fait passer l’âge légal à 21 ans.” Le Devoir, December 6th. https://www.ledevoir.com/politique/quebec/542927/cannabis-le-gouvernement-legault-fait-passer-l-age-legal-a-21-ans?utm_campaign=Autopost&utm_medium=Social&utm_source=Facebook - Echobox=1544026059
   Google Scholar
• Beverly, H. K., Y. Castro, and I. Opara. 2019. “Age of First Marijuana Use and Its Impact on Education Attainment and Employment Status.” Journal of Drug Issues 49: 1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolsen, T., J. N. Druckman, and F. L. Cook. 2014. “How Frames Can Undermine Support for Scientific Adaptations: Politicization and the Status-Quo Bias.” Public Opinion Quarterly 78 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1093/poq/nft044.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 1976. “Le Champ Scientifique.” Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 2 (2): 88–104. doi:10.3406/arss.1976.3454.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 1979. “La dynamique des champs” In La distinction. Critique sociale du jugement, 249–287. Paris: Éditions de Minuit.
   Google Scholar
• Cairney, P. 2016. The Politics of Evidence-Based Policy Making. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Cannabis. “les psychiatres exagèrent, selon un spécialiste.” ICI Radio-Canada (Médium Large), October 5th 2017. https://ici.radio-canada.ca/premiere/emissions/medium-large/segments/entrevue/41209/cannabis-psychiatre-exagerent-selon-specialiste-jean-sebastien-fallu
   Google Scholar
• Chadillon-Farinacci, V., P. Apparicio, and C. Morselli. 2015. “Cannabis Cultivation in Quebec: Between Space-time Hotspots and Coldspots.” International Journal of Drug Policy 26 (3): 311–322. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.11.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corburn, J. 2007. “Community Knowledge in Environmental Health Science: Co-producing Policy Expertise.” Environmental Science & Policy 10 (2): 150–161. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2006.09.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collège des Médecins. 2019. Brief Presented to the Committee on Health and Social Services for the Special consultations and public hearings on Bill 2. Retrieved from http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/travaux-parlementaires/commissions/CSSS/mandats/Mandat-40453/memoires-deposes.html.
   Google Scholar
• Crépault, J.-F. 2019. “Legalize It (But Don’t Advertise It): The Public Health Case for Cannabis Legalization.” In High Time, edited by A. Potter and D. Weinstock, 79–96. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, J. M., B. Mendelson, J. J. Berkes, K. Suleta, K. F. Corsi, and R. E. Booth. 2016. “Public Health Effects of Medical Marijuana Legalization in Colorado.” American Journal of Preventative Medicine 50 (3): 373–379. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.06.034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deglise, F. 2018a. “Du cannabis à 21 ans, malgré l’avis des scientifiques” Le Devoir, November 26th. https://www.ledevoir.com/societe/542219/du-cannabis-a-21-ans-contre-l-avis-de-ses-scientifiques
   Google Scholar
• Deglise, F. 2018b. “Une coalition se forme contre la hausse de l’âge légal pour la consommation de cannabis.” Le Devoir, December 10th. https://www.ledevoir.com/societe/543306/une-coalition-se-forme-contre-la-hausse-de-l-age-legal-pour-la-consommation-de-cannabis
   Google Scholar
• Delmas, C. 2011. Sociologie politique de l’expertise. Paris: Éditions La Découverte.
   Google Scholar
• Dib, L. 2018. “Légalisation du cannabis: entrée en vigueur et culture à domicile incertaines.” Le Devoir, February 6th. https://www.ledevoir.com/politique/canada/519492/legalisation-du-cannabis-ottawa-defend-la-culture-a-domicile-devant-le-senat
   Google Scholar
• Directeurs de Police du Québec. 2019. Brief Presented to the Committee on Health and Social Services for the Special consultations and public hearings on Bill 2. Retrieved from http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/travaux-parlementaires/commissions/CSSS/mandats/Mandat-40453/memoires-deposes.html
   Google Scholar
• Dolowitz, D., and D. Marsh. 1996. “Who Learns What from Whom: A Review of the Policy Transfer Literature.” Political Studies 44 (2): 343–357. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.1996.tb00334.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Entman, R. M. 1993. “Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm.” Journal of Communication 43 (4): 51–58. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson, P. G. 1992. “Recent Trends in Canadian Drug Policy: The Decline and Resurgence of Prohibitionism.” Daedalus 121 (3): 239–267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fédération des médecins omnipraticiens du Québec. 2019. Brief Presented to the Committee on Health and Social Services for the Special consultations and public hearings on Bill 2, Retrieved from http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/travaux-parlementaires/commissions/CSSS/mandats/Mandat-40453/memoires-deposes.html
   Google Scholar
• Feste, K. A. 2011. America Responds to Terrorism. Conflict Resolution Strategies of Clinton, Bush, and Obama. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US.
   Google Scholar
• Gagnon, A.-G. 2013. “The Five Faces of Quebec: Shifting Small Worlds and Quebec’s Evolving Political Dynamics.” L’Europe En Formation 369 (3): 39–52. doi:10.3917/eufor.369.0039.
   Google Scholar
• Giry, J., and J. Landry. 2018. “L’expert Et L’intellectuel Public.” In Experts, sciences et sociétés, edited by F. Claveau and J. Prud’homme, 39–58. Montréal: Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal.
   Google Scholar
• Grbic, J., P. Goddard, and D. Ryder. 2017. “Observations of the Role of Science in the United States Medical Cannabis State Policies: Lessons Learnt.” International Journal of Drug Policy 42: 109–114. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.12.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobidon, L., and D. Jutras-Aswad. 2018. “Le cannabis et ses effets délétères: Pour un débat plus nuancé.” Drogues, santé et société 16 (1): 5–30. doi:10.7202/1044306ar.
   Google Scholar
• “L’interdiction de consommer du cannabis en public critiquée à Québec.” ICI Radio-Canada, October 3rd 2018. https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1127636/consommation-cannabis-interdiction-quebec-critiques
   Google Scholar
• Martinez, J. A., M. G. Roth, D. N. Johnson, and J. A. Jones. 2015. “How Robustly Does Cannabis Use Associate to College Grades? Findings from Two Cohorts.” Journal of Drug Education 45 (1): 56–67. doi:10.1177/0047237915596606.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCormick, S. 2006. “The Brazilian Anti-Dam Movement: Knowledge Contestation as Communicative Action.” Organization & Environment 19 (3): 321–346. doi:10.1177/1086026606292494.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick, S. 2007. “Democratizing Science Movements: A New Framework for Mobilization and Contestation.” Social Studies of Science 37 (4): 609–623. doi:10.1177/0306312707076598.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouvement Santé Mentale Québec. 2019. Brief Presented to the Committee on Health and Social Services for the Special consultations and public hearings on Bill 2, Retrieved from http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/travaux-parlementaires/commissions/CSSS/mandats/Mandat-40453/memoires-deposes.html.
   Google Scholar
• Pierre-André, N. 2018. “Cannabis: Plante craint que les jeunes se tournent vers le crime organise.” La Presse, December 5th. https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/grand-montreal/201812/05/01-5206873-cannabis-plante-craint-que-les-jeunes-se-tournent-vers-le-crime-organise.php?fbclid=IwAR23V0BfyKrYMvRe_UWeVValExZ-rikzvSh8FDolh23soWI79v1qafK6q94
   Google Scholar
• Parkhurst, J. 2017. “The Politics of Evidence: From Evidence- Based Policy to the Good Governance of Evidence.” In Routledge Studies in Governance and Public Policy. Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Patenaude, C., S. Brochu, J. S. Fallu, D. Jutras-Aswad, and L. D’Arcy. 2018. “Le marche legal du cannabis suite a sa legalisation au Canada: Pistes de reflexion pour un encadrement efficace.” Canadian Journal of Public Health 109 (2): 215–218. doi:10.17269/s41997-018-0084-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Péloquin, T. 2019. “La SQDC dit accaparer 35% des ventes de cannabis au pays.” La Presse, January 23rd. https://www.lapresse.ca/affaires/economie/quebec/201901/22/01-5212038-la-sqdc-dit-accaparer-35-des-ventes-de-cannabis-au-pays.php
   Google Scholar
• Pilon-Larose, H. 2018. “Cannabis avant 21 ans: Legault implore les jeunes de ne pas consommer.” La Presse, December 5th. https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/politique/politique-quebecoise/201812/05/01-5206835-cannabis-avant-21-ans-legault-implore-les-jeunes-de-ne-pas-consommer.php
   Google Scholar
• Plante, C. 2019. “Faux départ pour la commission sur le cannabis.” Le Devoir, February 12th. https://www.ledevoir.com/societe/sante/547650/faux-depart-pour-la-commission-sur-le-cannabis
   Google Scholar
• Portage. 2017. Brief Presented to the Committee on Health and Social Services for the Special consultations and public hearings on Bill 2. Retrieved from http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/travaux-parlementaires/commissions/csss/mandats/Mandat-38809/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Porter, I. 2018. “Cannabis: la Santé publique déconseille aux villes de sévir.” Le Devoir, September 28th. https://www.ledevoir.com/politique/537762/cannabis-la-sante-publique-deconseille-aux-villes-de-sevir
   Google Scholar
• Québec Original. n.d. “Foods of Québec.” https://www.quebecoriginal.com/en-ca/savour/foods-quebec
   Google Scholar
• Robertson, D. B. 1991. “Political Conflict and Lesson-Drawing.” Journal of Public Policy 11 (1): 55–78. doi:10.1017/S0143814X00004931.
   Google Scholar
• Room, R. 2011. “Addiction and Personal Responsibility as Solutions to the Contradictions of Neoliberal Consumerism.” Critical Public Health 21 (2): 141–151. doi:10.1080/09581596.2010.529424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, R. 1991. “What Is Lesson-Drawing?” Journal of Public Policy 11 (1): 3–30. doi:10.1017/S0143814X00004918.
   Google Scholar
• Routh, M. J. 2017. “Re-thinking Liberty: Cannabis Prohibition and Substantive Due Process.” The Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy 26 (2): 143–175.
   Google Scholar
• Sahed, I. 2016. “Consommer la cigarette, le cannabis à l’adolescence: Quête identitaire et vulnérabilité dans le parcours de consommation.” Drogues, santé et société 14 (2): 1–23. doi:10.7202/1037730ar.
   Google Scholar
• Sanderson, I. 2003. “Is It ‘What Works’ that Matters? Evaluation and Evidence‐based Policy‐making.” Research Papers in Education 18 (4): 331–345. doi:10.1080/0267152032000176846.
   Google Scholar
• Saurugger, S. 2002. “L’expertise un mode de participation des groupes d’intérêt au processus décisionnel communautaire.” Revue française de science politique 52 (4): 375–401. doi:10.3406/rfsp.2002.403725.
   Google Scholar
• Schattschneider, E. E. 1960. The Semisovereign People: A Realist’s View of Democracy in America. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
   Google Scholar
• Schué, R. 2018.“Interdiction du cannabis dans les lieux publics : « Pas une prohibition », dit la CAQ.” Ici Radio-Canada, September 19th. https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1124821/caq-interdiction-cannabis-lieux-publics-prohibition-elections-quebec–2018
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, M. A., and R. Talatovich. 2018. The Rise and Fall of Moral Conflicts in the United States and Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• SAQ. n.d. “The SAQ’s Commitment.” https://www.saq.com/content/SAQ/en/a-propos/notre-promesse.html.
   Google Scholar
• SQDC. n.d. “Our customer promise.” https://www.sqdc.ca/en-CA/about-the-sqdc/the-sqdc/our-promise?origin=dropdown&c1=a-propos&c2=la-sqdc&c3=notre-promesse&clickedon=notre-promesse
   Google Scholar
• Stevens, A., and R. L. Pacula. 2017. “Advancing Knowledge on Cannabis Policy Using Evidence from North America.” International Journal of Drug Policy 42: 36–38. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.02.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suhay, E., and J. N. Druckman. 2015. “The Politics of Science.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 658 (1): 6–15. doi:10.1177/0002716214559004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ville de Gatineau. 2019. Brief Presented to the Committee on Health and Social Services for the Special consultations and public hearings on Bill 2. Retrieved from http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/travaux-parlementaires/commissions/CSSS/mandats/Mandat-40453/memoires-deposes.html
   Google Scholar
• Werb, D., B. Fischer, and E. Wood. 2010. “Cannabis Policy: Time to Move beyond the Psychosis Debate.” International Journal of Drug Policy 21 (4): 261–264. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2010.03.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkins, C. 2018. “A “Not-for-profit” Regulatory Model for Legal Recreational Cannabis: Insights from the Regulation of Gaming Machine Gambling in New Zealand.” International Journal of Drug Policy 53: 115–122. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.12.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar