AGAINST THE TIDE: FRENCH CANADIAN BARN BUILDING TRADITIONS IN THE ST. JOHN VALLEY OF MAINE

NOTES

• Wilbur Zelinsky, The Cultural Geography of the United States (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973), p. 100.
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• Wilbur Zelinsky, “The New England Connecting Barn,” Geographical Review, 48 (October, 1958), pp. 540–553.
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• Henry Glassie, Pattern in the Material Folk Culture of the Eastern United States (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1968). pp. 60–64, 88–92, 133–141, 145–149.
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• Charles F. Calkins, The Barn as an Element in the Cultural Landscape of North America: A Bibliography (Monticello, Illinois: Vance Bibliographies, September 1979), A-84; Alvar W. Carlson, “Bibliography on Barns in the United States and Canada,” Pioneer America, 10 (June, 1978), pp. 65–71.
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• John Fraser Hart, The Look of the Land (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1975), p. 123.
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• Calkins, The Barn as an Element in the Cultural Landscape, pp. 2–3.
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• Robert B. St. George, “Style and Structure in the Joinery of Dedham and Medfield, Massachusetts, 1635–1685,” in I.M.G. Quimby, ed., Winterthur Portfolio, 13 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), pp. 13, 24–25.
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• This phrase is used in the valley and was developed as a theme by Sheila MacDonald for the “Chez-Nous” exhibit of St. John Valley material culture currently showing at the Maine State Museum.
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• Victor A. Konrad, “From French Canadian to Franco-American: Late Nineteenth Century Settlement Change in the Upper St. John Valley, Maine,” Proceedings, New England-St. Lawrence Valley Geographical Society, 10 (1980), pp. 15–22.
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• Zelinsky, Cultural Geography of the United States, p. 73.
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• “Chez-Nous,” Maine State Museum exhibit research.
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• C.A. Day, Farming in Maine (Orono: University of Maine Press, 1963). pp. 131–134. See also Bret Wallach, “The Potato Landscape: Aroostook County, Maine,” Landscape, 23 (Spring, 1979), pp. 15–22.
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• David C. Smith, A History of Maine Lumbering, 1860–1960 (Orono: University of Maine Press, 1972).
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• Perspectives Jeuneusse, “A la Découverte de la République du Madawaska,” Vol. 2 (Edmunston: Sociéte Historique du Madawaska, 1974), dossier 650.3.
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• Thomas Albert, Histoire du Madawaska (Quebec: Imprimerie Franciscaine Missionaire, 1920); Samuel P. Arseneault, “La Géographie et les Acadiens,” in Jean Daigle, ed., Les Acadiens des Maririmes (Moncton: Centre d'Etudes Acadiennes, 1980), pp. 122–123.
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• Henry Glassie, Pattern in the Material Folk Culture of the Eastern United States, p. 136, fig. 39A; See also illustrations and discussion in Eric Arthur and Dudley Whitney, The Barn: A Vanishing Landmark in North America (Toronto: M.F. Feheley Arts, 1972), pp. 59–83. References to Acadian barns are usually secondary to discussions of Acadian housing. A comprehensive study of Acadian barns is not available. For descriptions of several surviving and reconstructed barns see: J. Rodolphe Bourque, Social and Architectural Aspects of Acadians in New Brunswick (Fredericton: Historical Resources Administration, 1971). pp. 82–102; Clarence LeBreton, “Civilisation matérielle,” in Daigle, Les Acadiens de Maritimes, pp. 488–492; Cècile Chewier, Les Defricheurs D'eau (Caraquet: Village Historique Acadien, 1978), pp. 42–53.
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• James Allen, “Franco-Americans in Maine: A Geographical Perspective,” Acadiensis, 3 (Autumn, 1974), pp. 34–37.
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• Robert-Lionel Sequin, Les Granges du Québec du XVII au XIX Siècle, Musée National Du Canada Bulletin No. 192 (Ottawa: Ministère du Nord Canadien et des Resources Nationales, 1963). An overview in English is found in: John Fraser Hart, “Barns of Quebec,” Geographical Review, 55 (July, 1965), pp. 424–426.
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• John Fitchen, The New World Dutch Barn (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1968).
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• In this paper the Madawaska twin barn is examined as one of several prominent barn types in the region. A detailed study of this barn is forthcoming. Victor A. Konrad and Michael P. Chaney, “The Madawaska Twin Barn of Maine's St. John Valley,” Journal of Cultural Geography, 4 (1983).
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• Day, Farming in Maine, pp. 1–43, 131–134. Several newspaper accounts describe the barn built by Yankee farmers. See for example: Maine Farmer (Vol. 6, No. 20), June 26, 1838 and (Vol. 21, No. 6), February 3, 1853.
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• Thomas Hubka, “The Connected Farm Buildings of Southwestern Maine,” Pioneer America, 9 (December, 1977), pp. 143–180.
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• Cluny McPherson, Sr., “Aroostook Barns,” in Faces of Aroostook, A Bicentennial Portrait of Aroostook County (Presque Isle: Polar Star Associates, 1976), p. 33.
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• Personal interviews and observations by Chaney and Konrad are found in: Michael Chaney, “Journal of Fieldwork, St. John Valley, March 2–5, 1981. Twin Barn Interviews,” (Orono: University of Maine, Northeast Archives of Folklore and Oral History, 1981), Northeast Archives 1464, pp. 104–153.
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• Bourque, Social and Architectural Aspects of Acadians in New Brunswick.
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• Perspectives Jeuneusse, “A la Découverte de la République du Madawaska.”
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• Claude St. Onge, Jean-Guy Côté et Connie Fournier, “Rapport Final, Recherches sur les fermes et l'agriculture” (Edmunston: Société Historique du Madawaska, 1974).
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• Edward Kavanaugh and John Deane, “Report,” in Correspondence and Documents Relative to the Northeastern Boundary, Vol. 2 (Augusta: Maine State Library, 1831), pp. 367–442.
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• Doctoral research in progress by Beatrice Craig, Department of History, University of Maine at Orono, deals with the Acadians of the St. John Valley up to the mid-nineteenth century. This discussion is based on findings reported in manuscript chapter 5, “Spatial Orgazization and Land Transmission.”
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• This is substantiated by town listings in business directories. See: Aroostook County Business and Residential Directory. 1905–1906 (Newton, Mass.: Newton Journal Publishing Company, 1905).
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• Chaney, “Twin Barn Interviews: Louis Labrie, March 3, 1981,” NA 1464, p. 111.
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• Chaney, “Twin Barn Interviews: Joseph Cyr, March 4, 1981,” NA 1464, p. 140. See also: “Carl Morrow, March 5, 1981,” NA 1464, p. 146.
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• Day, Farming in Maine, pp. 131–134. Advertisements urging farmers to buy the machines and come to that bank for the best rates are found in the Aroostook Directory, 1905–1906.
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• Chaney, “Twin Barn Interviews: Joseph Cyr, March 4, 1981,” NA 1464, p. 139.
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• McPherson, “Aroostook Barns,” p. 32. See also Chaney, “Twin Barn Interviews: Carl Morrow, March 5, 1981,” NA 1464, p. 148.
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• Aroostook Directory. 1905–1906, pp. 197, 281, 416–423, 434.
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• Ibid., p. 193.
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• Chaney, “Twin Barn Interviews: Leo Morneault, March 3, 1981; Eudore Nadeau, March 4, 1981; Joseph Cyr, March 4, 1981,” NA 1464, pp. 116, 139–140, 143.
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• Konrad and Chaney, “Madawaska Twin Barn.” p. 5–9.
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• Seguin, Les Granges du Québec, pp. 81–82.
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• James Allen, “Migration Fields of French Canadian Migrants to Southern Maine,” Geographical Review, 62 (July, 1972), p. 378.
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• Chaney, “Twin Barn Interviews: Carl and Bill Morrow, March 5, 1981,” NA 1464, pp. 144–147.
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• The twin barn survey indicates the structures comprise less than 11 percent of barns in the first rung. Concentrations may exceed 20 percent in rungs two and three where they exist. In expansion areas settled during the 1910s and 1920s, where traditional rungs meet the rectangular survey, over 30 percent of the barns are twin structures.
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