REGIONAL DISTINCTIVENESS IN AN INDUSTRIAL AGE: SOME CALIFORNIA INFLUENCES ON BRITISH COLUMBIA HOUSING

NOTES

• Mark Vonnegut, The Eden Express (New York: Bantam, 1972) is set on the Sechelt Peninsula north of Vancouver. Tom Wolfe's The Electric Kood-Aid Acid Test (New York: Bantam, 1967) documents California in its experimental 1960s.
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• Jay Vance, “California and the Search for the Ideal,” Annals, Association of American Geographers, 62 (June, 1972), pp. 185–210. For a view of British Columbia as Lotus Land, see Roderick Haig-Brown, “British Columbia: Loggers and Lotus Eaters,” in W. Kilbourn, ed., Canada: A Guide to the Peaceable Kingdom (Toronto: MacMillan, 1970) pp. 124–128; also Silver Donald Cameron, Seasons in the Rain: An Expatriate's Notes on British Columbia (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1978), especially “Mountains of Gold,” pp. 7–14.
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• Lloyd Dykk, “Kitsilano burlesque” (a theatre review of Sherman Shukal's “Talking Dirty”), Vancouver Sun, Oct. 17, 1981. The wider context of this social change is suggested in David F. Ley, “Liberal Ideology and the Post-Industial City,” Annals, Association of American Geographers 70 (June, 1980), pp. 238–258. For the quintessential parody of the California good life, see Cyra McFadden, The Serial, A Year in the Life of Marin County (New York: Signet, 1976). A more serious exploration is provided by E.G. Thompson, At the Edge of History (New York: Harper, 1971). especially ch. 1, “Looking for History in L.A.” pp. 3–26 and chapter 2, “Going Beyond it at Big Sur,” pp. 27–66.
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• The American and British influences on the Vancouver residential landscape are summarized in Deryck Holdsworth, “House and Home in Vancouver: Images of West-Coast Urbanism, 1886–1929,” in G.A. Stelter and A.F.J. Artibise, eds., The Canadian City: Essays in Urban History (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1977), pp. 186–211.
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• Norbert MacDonald, “Population Change in Seattle and Vancouver, 1890–1960,” Pacific Historical Review, 39 (August, 1970), pp. 297–321.
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• For American examples, see the summary by Terry C. Jordan and Lester Rowntree, The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography (New York: Harper and Row, 1979). pp. 225–62. Perhaps the definitive American treatment of rural housing is Fred B. Kniffen, “Folk Housing: Key to Diffusion,” Annals, Association of American Geographers 55 (December, 1965), pp. 569–577. See also Peirce F. Lewis, “Common House, Cultural Spoor,” Landscape, 19 (January, 1975).pp. 1–22. For American folklore, the work of Henry Glassie is paramount: see especially Pattern in the Material Folk Culture of the Eastern United States (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1968) and Folk Housing in Middle Virginia (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1975). For Canadian examples, see John J. Mannion, Irish Settlements in Eastern Canada: A Study in Cultural Transfer and Adaptation (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974), pp. 138–64; also John Lehr, “The Log Buildings of Ukrainian Settlers in Western Canada,” Prairie Forum, 52 (Fall, 1980), pp. 183–196.
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• See for example Estyn Evans, Irish Folk Ways (London: Faber, 1959).
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• See Peter Ennals, “The ‘Yankee’ Origins of ‘Bluenose’ Vernacular Architecture,” this issue of The American Review of Canadian Studies, 12 (Summer, 1982); also P. Ennals and D. Holdsworth, “Vernacular Architecture and the Cultural Landscape of the Maritime Provinces,” Acadiensis, 10 (Spring, 1981) pp. 86–106.
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• For American modern architecture as a product of industrial change, see John A. Kouwenhoeven, Made in America: The Art in Modern Civilization (Garden City, N.J.: Double-day, 1948), espc. chapters 1 and 4. The term “industrial,” as used in this paper, refers not to the Dickensian “Coketown” images, but rather to a mechanized, standardized, and mass-produced way of building. And whereas the ‘folk’ tradition relied on “oral” or even subconscious transfer, here the medium is emphatically printed, advertised, and popularized in a mechanical fashion.
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• Ibid., pp. 43–74; Nathen Rosenberg, Technology and American Economic Growth (New York: Harper and Row, 1972).
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• See Vincent Scully, The Shingle Style: Architectural Theory and Design from Richardson to the Origins of Wright (New Haven: 1955); A. J. Downing, Cottage Residences, Rural A Architecture and Landscape Gardening (1842), The A Architecture of Country Houses (1850), and Rural Essays (1853). (Reprinted Watkins Glen, N.Y.: American Life Foundations, 1967).
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• The author has in his library a copy of Hodgson's Low Cost American Houses, published in Chicago in 1905, and inscribed as belonging to Ernest A. Collis, Lethbridge, Alberta, 4th Oct. 1910.
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• Margaretta J. Darnell, “Innovations in American Prefabricated Housing, 1860–1890,” Journal of the society of Architectural Historians, 31 (March, 1972), pp. 51–55. J.B. Jackson, in his book American Space: The Centennial Years, 1876–86 (New York: Norton, 1972) notes “Even before the completion of the Union Pacific, much of the west bound freight consisted of portable houses” (p. 82); “To try to understand the distribution of house types throughout the United States without recognizing the role played by the factories in Chicago and other mid-Western cities would be a hopeless undertaking” (p. 85). See also the Sears Roebuck Catalogues, which offered an extensive range of builders materials and ultimately houses. For the Canadian experience in early prefabrication, see E.G. Mills and D.W. Holdsworth, The B.C. Mills Prefabricated System: The Emergence of Ready-Made Buildings in Western Canada (Ottawa: National Historic Sites: Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History, No. 14, 1975).
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• Vincent Scully, “American Houses: Thomas Jefferson to Frank Lloyd Wright,” in Edgar Kaufmann, The Rise of an American Architecture (London: Pall Mall, 1970). p. 173.
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• See Alan H. Brookes, The Prairie School: Frank Lloyd Wright and His Mid West Contemporaries (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1972); also E. Bok, The Americanization of Edward Bok: An Autobiography (New York: Scribners, 1939), especially pp. 238–250.
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• Harold Kirker, California's Architectural Frontier: Style and Tradition in the Nineteenth Century (Santa Barbara: Peregrine Smith, 1973).
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• David Gebhard and Hariette von Breton, Architecture in California, 1868–1968 (Santa Barbara: University of California, 1968), p. 4.
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• Rudyard Kipling, From Sea to Sea: Letters of Travel, Vol. 2 (New York: Doubleday and Maclure, 1899), p. 44–45.
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• Ibid., pp. 51–52.
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• H.K. Ralston, “Patterns of Trade and Investment in the Pacific Coast, 1867–1892: The Case of the British Columbia Salmon Canning Industry, “B.C. Studies 1 (Winter, 1968–1969), pp. 37–45. For the history of early British Columbia, see Margaret Ormsby, British Columbia, A History (MacMillan, 1958); R.C. Harris and J. Warkentin, Canada Before Confederation (Toronto: Oxford, 1975) chapter 6, “British Columbia;” and H.F. Angus, ed., British Columbia and the United States (Toronto, 1942).
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• Martin Segger and Douglas Franklin, Victoria: A Primer for Regional History in Architecture, 1843–1929 (Watkins Glen, N.Y.: American Life Foundation, 1979). pp. 284–87.
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• Ibid., p. 31
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• Emily Carr, The Book of Small (London: Oxford, 1942) p. 76.
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• Segger and Franklin, Victoria, pp. 182–183.
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• Carr, The Book of Small, p. 93.
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• Segger and Franklin, Victoria, pp. 146–199.
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• For the shift from Victoria to Vancouver, see Larry D. McCann, “Urban Growth in a Staple Economy: the Emergence of Vancouver as a Regional Metropolis, 1886–1914,” in L.D. Evenden, ed., Vancouver: Western Metropolis (Victoria: B.C. Geography Series, 1978), pp. 17–41, also, Robert A.J. MacDonald, “Victoria, Vancouver and the Evolution of British Columbia's Economic System, 1886–1914,” in A.F.J. Artibise, ed., Town and City: Aspects of Western Canadian Urban Development (Regina: Canadian Plains Studies, No. 10, 1981), pp. 31–58.
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• Esther McCoy, Five California Architects (New York: Praeger 1960) (plus a chapter by R.L. Markinson. pp. 103–148, in the 1975 edition); William R. Current and Karen Current, Greene and Greene, Architects in the Residential Style (Fort Worth, Texas: Amon Carter Museum of Western Art, 1974); see also Robert Winter, “Greene and Greene,” in T.J. Andersen, E.M. Moore and R.W. Winter, eds., California Design 1910 (Pasadena, 1974), pp. 96–109.
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• Asa Briggs. William Morris, Selected Writings and Designs (London: Pelican, 1962); E.P. Thompson, William Morris, romantic to revolutionary (London: Merlin Press, 1955). For the American counterparts, see Gustav Stickley, Craftsman Homes: Architecture and Furnishings of the A merican Arts and crafts Movement (New York: Craftsman, 1909); also, J.D. Kornwolf, M.H. Baillie Scott and the Arts and Crafts Movement (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1972).
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• R.M. Fogelson, The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles 1850–1930 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967).
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• The best summary is provided by Robert Winter, The California Bungalow (Los Angeles: Hennesey and Ingalls, 1980); see also F.P. Davis, W.R.S. Davis, L.F. Watson and H.R. Davis, Ideal Homes in Garden Communities: A Book of Stock Plans for the Garden City Company of California (New York: McBride, 1915); Henry Wilson, The Bungalow Book (Chicago, 1911); Henry H. Saylor, Bungalows: Their Design. Construction and Furnishings, (New York: McBride Winston, 1911). One Arts and Crafts magazine published in Philadelphia, Indoors and Out, devoted an entire issue to the California Bungalow (1907).
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• Fred T. Hodgson, Practical Bungalows and Cottages for Town and Country, Perspective Views and Floor Plans for Three Hundred Low and Medium Priced Houses and Bungalows (Chicago: Frederick Drake, 1912, 1915, 1916).
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• Jud Yoho, Craftsmen Bungalows (Seattle: Deluxe Editions, 1913).
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• Vancouver Sun, October 11, 1912, p. 10.
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• Vancouver Sun, October 28, 1912, p. 10.
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• See D. Holdsworth, House and Home in Vancouver: The Evolution of a West Coast Urban Landscape, (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of British Columbia, 1981), pp. 162–205 for a summary.
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• Stephen B. Jones, “The Cordilleran Section of the Canada-United States Borderland,” Geographical Journal (May, 1937). p. 444.
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• T. Vaughan and G.A. McGrath, A Century of Portland Architecture (Portland: Oregon Historical Society, 1967), pp. 137–139, the Wilbur Reid residence; Segger and Franklin, Victoria, pp. 294–295, the R.G. Wilson residence.
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• See Anthony D. King “The Bungalow in India: Its Regional and Pre-Industrial Origin,” Architectural Association Quarterly, 5 (Summer, 1973), pp. 4–21.
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• See A.D. King, “The Bungalow: Social Process and Urban Form: The Bungalow as an Indicator of Social Trends,” Architectural Association Quarterly, 5 (Fall, 1973) pp. 3–13; See also R.A. Phillips, The Book of Bungalows (London: Country Life, 1920).
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• H. Allen Brooks, The Prairie Schools, pp. 206–210, cites the huge Bradley ‘bungalow’ at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, merely a second home with the ‘real’ Bradley house being in Boston. See also G.W. Edwards, “The Word Bungalow—Whence it came and what it has come to mean.” Indoors and Out, 4 (1907), pp. 13–15.
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• “The Evolution of the Bungalow in California,” Indoors and Out, 4 (1907), pp. 7–12, 69–73; Clay Lancaster, “The American Bungalow,” Arts Bulletin, 40 (1958). pp. 239–253.
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• Leonard K. Eaton, The Architecture of Samuel Maclure (Victoria: Art Gallery of Greater Victoria, 1971), pp. 8–9.
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• See for example the Reifel house in Vancouver, H.D. Kalman, Exploring Vancouver (Vancouver: UBC press, 1978), p. 209.
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• Architectural Association of British Columbia, British Columbia Houses (n.p., 1924). See also B. Palmer, “Development of Domestic Architecture in British Columbia,” Journal of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada (November, 1928), p. 407; and D. Holds-worth, House and Home in Vancouver, pp. 206–248.
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• Norbert McDonald, “Population Change in Seattle and Vancouver, 1890–1960,” pp. 297–321.
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• Gebhard and Van Breton, Architecture in California, photo 141; see also D. Gebhard et at., A Guide to Architecture in Sun Francisco and Northern California (Santa Barbara: Peregrine Smith, 1973), pp. 373–378.
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• Kalman, Exploring Vancouver, pp. 246–247.
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• See any issue of Vancouver Life, Western Homes and Living or more recently, Renovation West.
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• Kalman, Exploring Vancouver, pp. 173–176.
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• Joel Garreau, The Nine Nations of North America (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981), pp. 245–286.
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