ONTARIO: A BICENTENNIAL RETROSPECTIVE

NOTES

• “Ontario Remembered – Nineteenth Century Prints and Watercolours,” Exhibition at the Royal Ontario Museum, Canadiana Building, Queen's Park, Toronto, April 19-September 23, 1984.
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• “Georgian Canada – Conflict and Culture,” Exhibition at the Royal Ontario Museum, Avenue Road, Toronto, June 7-October 21, 1984.
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• Archives of Ontario, Evidence of Canadian United Empire Loyalist Claims (Toronto: Archives of Ontario, 1904.)
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• The official government description of the symbol is as follows: The start point is a familiar image, the stylized rendering of our provincial flower (Trillium Grandiflora) which is used as the symbol of Ontario. The Bicentennial symbol repeats this basic form in a circular design suggesting both the variety of Ontario itself and the six continents of the world whose people have come together to make up the rich and diverse society we now enjoy. The colors are drawn from the blue and white of the French fleur-de-lis, and the red and white and blue of the Union Jack, the flags of the two old world cultures primarily responsible for the initial exploration and settlement of Ontario. In the center, the bright yellow suggests the energy generated by the interaction of our people coming together in the creation of a new society, a radiant center and dynamic hub for Canada itself. This description is found in “The Symbol,” in Bicentennial. Ontario. Bicentenaire (Toronto: Secretariat for Social Development, Ontario, 1983), p. 1.
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• Statement to the Ontario Legislature by the Honorable Margaret Birch, Provincial Secretary for Social Development and Chairman, Cabinet Committee on the Bicentennial, June 23, 1983, p. 8. (Statement released for information. Not presented to Legislature due to early adjournment). Emphasis is mine.
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• Kevin Lynch, What Time is This Place? (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1972), p. 40.
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• This polarity is discussed in Barbara Szacka “Two Kinds of Past-Time Orientation,” The Polish Sociological Bulletin 1–2 (1972). 63–75.
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• David Lowenthal, “Past Time, Present Place: Landscape and Memory,” The Geographical Review 65 (January, 1975), 8–11; see also Lynch, What Time Is This Place? pp. 40–41.
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• Ontario and Québec, Heritage Highways/Sur la route des pionniers (Toronto et Québec: Ontario Ministry of Industry and Tourism, Direction générale du Tourisme, n.d.).
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• Alvin Toffler, Future Shock (New York: Bantam Books, 1970).
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• Maurice Halbwachs, Les cadres sociaux de la memoire (Paris, 1952), pp. 112–113. For an English translation see Maurice Halbwachs, The Collective Memory. Translated by Francis J. Ditter, Jr. and Vida Yazde Ditter (New York: Harper and Row, 1980).
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• Lowenthal, “Past Time, Present Place,” pp. 1–5.
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• R.A.J. Phillips, “A Place In the Hills, Where history lives in old log cabins,” The Review (Imperial Oil Limited) 3 (1983), 1–7.
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• Fritz Steele, The Sense of Place (Boston: CBI Publishing Company, 1981), pp. 73–82.
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• Halbwachs, The Collective Memory, pp. 88–120.
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• Victor A. Konrad, “Historical Artifacts as Recreational Resources,” in Recreational Land Use, Perspectives on its Evolution in Canada, eds. Geoffrey Wall and John A. Marsh, (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1982), pp. 394–398.
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• David Lowenthal, “The Place of the Past in the American Landscape,” in Geographies of the Mind, eds. David Lowenthal and Martyn J. Bowden, (New York: Oxford, 1976), pp. 101–106. See also: David Lowenthal, “Introduction,” in Our Past Before Us, Why Do We Save It?, eds. David Lowenthal and Marcus Binney, (London: Temple, Smith, 1981), p. 11; Victor A. Konrad and S. Martin Taylor, “Retrospective Orientations in Metropolitan Toronto,” Urban History Review 9, 2 (October, 1980), 65–86.
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• Victor A. Konrad, “Retrospect and Respect for the Past,” ERIC Reports (National Institute of Education) ED 222 406 (March 1983), 17 pp. Microfiche.
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• “Century Farms” were designated across Canada in 1967 under the auspices of the federal government as properties which persisted during the last century as family farms. Farmers could obtain a sign proclaiming the status and display it at the entrance to the property. Today, a decade and a half later, some rusted signs still persist to commemorate “Century Farms” in Ontario.
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• These images are explored in the broader North American context in H. Nash Smith, Virgin Lond: The American West as Symbol and Myth (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press); R. Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967). Early Ontario's wilderness images are conveyed in books by authors Catherine Parr Traill, Anna Jameson and others.
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• David Lowenthal, “The Bicentennial Landscape: A Mirror Held Up To The Past,” The Geographical Review 67 (July, 1977), 264–266.
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• David Lowenthal, “Environmental Perception: Preserving the Past,” Progress in Human Geography 3 (1979). 549; Lowenthal, “The Bicentennial Landscape,” pp. 255–258.
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• Lowenthal, “The Bicentennial Landscape,” pp. 261–263.
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• Robert M. Newcomb, Planning the Past (Hamden, Conn.: Archon, 1979), pp. 17–116.
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• A recent overview of established preservation practice is found in: James Marston Fitch, Historic Preservation: Curatorial Management of the Built World (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982).
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• In the mid-1970s public sentiment for preservation in Metropolitan Toronto was highly favorable as measured in a set of attitude surveys. See S. Martin Taylor and Victor A. Konrad, “Scaling Dispositions Toward the Past,” Environment and Behavior 12 (September, 1980), 283–307.
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• External Affairs Canada, “Remains To Be Seen,” Canada Today/D'Aujourd' hui 14, 3 (1983), 12 pp.
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• For a good illustration of the contrast of historical image and reality in Niagara-on-the-Lake see the “13th Annual Historical Issue—The Historical Frontier,” The Niagara Advance, May 4, 1983.
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• Bruce Wilson, As She Began, An Illustrated Introduction to Loyalist Ontario (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1981); Mary Beacock Fryer and Charles J. Humber, eds., Loyal She Remains: A Pictorial History of Ontario (Toronto: United Empire Loyalists' Association of Canada, 1984).
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• There is an “Ontario Bicentennial Map” published by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and available from the Ontario Government Bookstore in Toronto. However, the following discussion explores the topography of Bicentennial celebration in the province and attempts to define underlying themes rather than identify and place activities.
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• The slogan is reinforced by Foodland Ontario's Bicentennial contribution 40 and 1 Ideas to Celebrate Ontario's Bicentennial (Toronto: Foodland Ontario, 1984), 4 pp.
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• The themes are closely allied to three dimensions of past orientation defined in the study of Toronto residents' attitudes toward the past undertaken in 1975 by S. Martin Taylor and the author. See Taylor and Konrad, “Scaling Dispositions Toward the Past,” and the author's dissertation: Victor A. Konrad, “Orientations Toward the Past in the Environment of the Present: Retrospect in Metropolitan Toronto,” (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation: McMaster University, 1978). Abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International 39, 9 (1979). Related themes of re-enactment, preserving or reproducing artifacts and symbolic affirmation are defined as modes of celebrating the United States Bicentennial. See Lowenthal, “The Bicentennial Landscape,” pp. 258–264.
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• Events and places referred to in the following discussion are listed in the Bicentennial Guide if no separate reference is given. See: Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Recreation, Your Bicentennial Guide To The Place We Call Home (Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Recreation, 1984), 47 pp.
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• Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications, Footpaths to Freeways, The Story of Ontario's Roads (Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications, 1984). 96 pp.
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• Research Committee of the Muskoka Pioneer Village, Huntsville. Ontario. A Guide to the Historical and Architectural Heritage of Downtown Huntsville (Huntsville: Muskoka Pioneer Village, 1983).
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• Your Guide to the North Halton Heritage Area 2 (Spring-Summer, 1983). 30 pp.
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• Ontario Ministry of Education, Ontario, An Informal History of the Land and Its People (Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Education, 1984), 48 pp.
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• An example is Simcoe's recycled Norfolk County Court House which now serves as the Town Administration Building. It was renovated, cleaned and enlarged at a cost of $792,000. Costs of a new building on the same site were estimated at $900,000 plus $60,000 for demolition of the existing structure. George Kapelos, “An Ontario Town Recycles its Court House,” Canadian Building (April, 1978), 36–38.
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• Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, White Pine, Ontario Celebrates Its History (Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 1984), 48 pp.
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• Tourism and Recreation, Bicentennial Guide, pp. 16–19.
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• City of Toronto Archives, Give Toronto A Birthday Present (Toronto: City of Toronto Archives, 1984).
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• George Galt, “Toronto Reborn, New Life in an Old Town,” Canadian Heritage 41 (August-September, 1983), 16–22.
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