TRANSPORTATION IN OLD ONTARIO

NOTES

• The amphibious theme underlies much of Canadian historical scholarship of the 1920s and 1930s; see, for example, the text in Harold A. Innis and Arthur R. M. Lower, eds., Select Documents in Canadian Economic History, 1783–1850 (Toronto: The University of Toronto Press, 1933).
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• Hugh B. Willson, The Proposed Hamilton and South West Railway (Hamilton, 1854), p. 9.
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• James Buchanan, Letter to [Sir Francis] Bond Head … on constructing railroads in Upper Canada without foreign assistance (Toronto, ca. 1836). See also Thomas C. Keefer, “Travel and Transportation,” in Eighty Years Progress of British North America ed. H.Y. Hind, (Toronto: L. Stebbins, 1863), reprinted in Philosophy of Railroads, and other Essays by T.C. Keefer, ed. H. Vivian Nelles, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1972), pp. 165–167.
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• Hugh, G.J. Aitken, The Welland Canal Company: A Study in Canadian Enterprise (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954).
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• David B. Steinman and Sara Ruth Watson, Bridges and Their Builders (New York: Dover, 1957), pp. 217–221.
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• See Act of Incorporation of the Fort Erie and Buffalo Suspension Bridge and Tunnel Company, Province of Canada Act, 14–15 Victoria, cap. 72, sec. 10 (1851–52), for a clause regarding navigational requirements. Notice that a high bridge was not required at Fort Erie, as the Niagara River did not carry cargo vessels. Regarding the St. Clair tunnel at Sarnia, see Archibald W. Currie, The Grand Trunk Railway of Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1957), pp. 349–353; on the Windsor tunnel, see Neil F. Morrison, Garden Gateway to Canada: One Hundred Years of Windsor and Essex County, 1854–1954 (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1954), pp. 104–105, 236–238.
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• George W. Hilton, The Greak Lakes Car Ferries (Berkeley: Howell-North, 1962); George Musk, Canadian Pacific Afloat, 1883–1968, A Short History and Fleet List (London: World Ship Society, 1956). pp. 53–54.
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• Winston M. Cosgrove, Wolfe Island Past and Present (Author, 1973).
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• Currie, Grand Trunk, pp. 284–285. See also Frederick J. Rowan, “Rice Lake from the Church at Gore's landing,” watercolor over pencil, ca. 1856, in Mary Allodi, Canadian Watercolours and Drawings in the Royal Ontario Museum (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974), no. 1479.
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• George P. Glazebrook, A History of Transportation in Canada (New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1938; reissued in two volumes, Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1964), vol. 1, p. 85. On the ship canal see William Kingsford, The Canadian Canals … (Toronto, 1865), pp. 94–104, and Ingersoll Chronicle, September 10, 1868. On the causeway, see Mary K. Cullen, “The Transportation Issue, 1873–1973,” in Canada's Smallest Province, ed. Francis W. Bolger (Charlottetown: Prince Edward Island, Centennial Commission, 1973), pp. 242–243, 260–263.
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• 12 Victoria, cap. 196, sec. 1 (1849). The atmospheric principle (propulsion by compressed air) was tried in Devon, England, between 1846 and 1848, without success; see Lionel T. C. Rolt, Isambard Kingdom Brunei: A Biography (London: New York, Longmans and Green, 1957), pp. 178–191.
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• Glazebrook, History, Vol. 1, pp. 128–132; Thomas F. McIlwraith, “The Adequacy of Rural Roads in the Era before Railways: An Illustration from Upper Canada,” The Canadian Geographer 14 (1970), 344–360, questions the alleged seriousness of muddy roads.
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• Thomas F. McIlwraith, “Transportation in the Landscape of Early Upper Canada,” in Perspectives on Landscape and Settlement in Nineteenth Century Ontario, ed. John David Wood (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1975), pp. 51–63.
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• McIlwraith, “Adequacy of Rural Roads,” pp. 356–357.
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• Whether rivers were to be used for navigation or power is the concern of a petition of some 300 inhabitants of Glengarry County to Lieutenant Governor Maitland, December 29, 1824, seeking legal protection for their mills; Public Archives of Canada (hereafter PAC), Upper Canada Sundries, pp. 36875–76. See also Arthur R.M. Lower, The North American Assault on the Canadian Forest (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1938), p. 40.
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• Donald W. Kirk, “Southwestern Ontario: The Areal Pattern of Urban Settlements in 1850” (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 1949). pp. 51ff.; Glazabrook, History, vol. 1, p. 129.
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• The definitive work on the complicated and constantly changing system of land subdivision, titles, road opening and statute road labor is Lillian F. Gates, Land Policies of Upper Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1968). A mapping of the various types of surveys, township by township, is found in Economic Atlas of Ontario, ed. William G. Dean (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969), plate 99.
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• John B. Jackson, “The Discovery of the Street,” in idem., The Necessity for Ruins and Other Topics (Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts, 1980), pp. 55–66.
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• Edwin C. Guillet, The Story of Canadian Roads (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1966), pp. 85–86; Montreal Gazette, June 18, 1833, reprinted in Innis and Lower, Select Documents, pp. 145–146.
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• Ralph Greenhill, Ken Macpherson, and Douglas Richardson, Ontario Towns (Toronto: Oberon, 1974), plate 99; George W. Hilton, The Night Boat (Berkeley, Calif.: Howell-North Books, 1968).
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• Russell Lynes, The Tastemakers (New York: Grosset Universal Library, 1949), pp. 225–234.
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• McIlwraith, “Adequacy of Rural Roads,” p. 357.
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• The first macadam road (crushed rock roadbed) in Canada was a portion of Yonge Street put into use in 1836; Guillet, Roads, pp. 65–66.
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• Evidence of the role of gravel in the old Ontario economy is scattered and circumstantial, and has yet to be pulled together to verify the statements made here.
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• “Report of the Commissioners for Purchasing a Steam Dredge,” Appendices to the Journals of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Upper Canada, 12th Parliament, 2nd Session (1836), vol. 3, pp. 146–149, and 13th Parliament, 3rd Session (1837–38). pp. 347–353.
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• See description of Orange Jull's snowplow in Alfred Price, “George Laidlaw-Pioneer Railway Builder,” The Canadian Magazine 67–68 (December, 1927), 36.
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• Jeffrey L. Brown, “Earthworks and Industrial Archeology,” Industrial Archeology 6 (1980), 1–8.
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• Charles F. J. Whebell, “Corridors: A Theory of Urban Systems,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 59 (1969), 1–26, esp. p. 12.
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• The names Thornhill (now Concord) and Richmond Hill (now Maple) appear in Travelers Official Railway Guide for June 1868 (New York, 1868; facsim., Ann Arbor: University Microfilm, 1968), Table 11.
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• Thomas F. McIlwraith, “Freight Capacity and Utilization of the Erie and Great Lakes Canals before 1850,” Journal of Economic History 36 (1976). 866–874.
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• Currie, Grand Trunk, p. 350.
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• Guillet, Roads, p. 68.
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• Irma E. Pattison, comp., Historical Chronology of Highway Legislation in Ontario, 1774–1961 (Toronto: Ontario Department of Highways, 1964). pp. 7–8, 12–13, 45–47.
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• 12 Victoria, cap. 196 (1849); Currie, Grand Trunk, p. 261.
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• The Toronto World, June 14, 1889; Thomas F. McIlwraith, “George Laidlaw,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Volume II (Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1982), pp. 483–485.
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• Thomas F. McIlwraith, The Toronto, Grey and Bruce Railway (Toronto: Upper Canada Railway Society, 1963), pp. 20–22.
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• Brantford Expositor, January 25, 1856. Five accidents, resulting in 67 deaths, were the subject of a special investigation: “Report of Commission of Enquiry into Several Accidents on the Great Western Railway in 1854,” PAC, Isaac Buchanan papers, vol. 94, unpaged.
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• Currie, Grand Trunk, passim.
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• George R. Taylor and Irene D. Neu, The American Railroad Network 1861–1890 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1956).
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• Currie, Grand Trunk, pp. 229–245, 315–317.
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• Pattison, Highway Legislation, pp. 47, 162. On the sorting process for urban places see Edward K. Muller, “Selective Urban Growth in the Middle Ohio Valley, 1800–1860,” Geographical Review 66 (1976), 178–199.
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• 52 George III, cap 4 (1812) specified that users had to yield half the road and keep to the right in doing so. A broadside posted throughout Huron District in 1846, to this effect, suggests that the subject was only then becoming a problem; Ontario Archives, Daniel Lizars papers, January 19, 1846.
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• Lynes, Tastemakers, pp. 81–89.
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• Elizabeth A. Willmot, Meet Me at the Station (Toronto: Gage, 1976).
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• Toronto Weekly Globe, February 19, 1869, p. 5.
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• This theme is evident in Norman R. Ball, “The History of Technology and New Meaning for Local Studies: the Bertrams of Dundas,” in By River, Road and Rail: Transportation in Nineteenth Century Ontario, ed. Thomas F. McIlwraith (Toronto: Ontario Museum Association, 1984). pp. 84–96.
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• St. Thomas Weekly Dispatch, July 7, 1873.
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• Archibald W. Currie, Economics of Canadian Transportation (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1954).
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