The policing of Black debt: how the municipal bond market regulates the right to water

References

• Aalbers, M. B. (2019). Financial geography III: The financialization of the city. Progress in Human Geography, 44(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132519853922
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, J., & Pryke, M. (2013). Financialising household water: Thames water, MEIF, and ‘ring-fenced’ politics. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 6(3), 419–439. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rst010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashton, P., & Christophers, B. (2015). On arbitration, arbitrage and arbitrariness in financial markets and their governance: Unpacking LIBOR and the LIBOR scandal. Economy and Society, 44(2), 188–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2015.1013352
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashton, P., Doussard, M., & Weber, R. (2016). Reconstituting the state: City powers and exposures in Chicago’s infrastructure. Urban Studies, 53(7), 1384–1400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baptist, E. E. (2014). The half has never been told: Slavery and the making of American capitalism. Hachette UK.
   Google Scholar
• Bhattacharyya, G. (2018). Rethinking racial capitalism. Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Bigger, P., & Millington, N. (2020). Getting soaked? Climate crisis, adaptation finance, and racialized austerity. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space, 3(3), 601–623. http://doi.org/10.1177/2514848619876539
   Google Scholar
• Bledsoe, A., & Wright, W. J. (2019). The anti-blackness of global capital. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 37(1), 8–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263775818805102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonds, A. (2018). Refusing resilience: The racialization of risk and resilience. Urban Geography, 29(8), 1285–1291. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2018.1462968
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmody, S. (2014). UN team says Detroit water shutoff program violates human rights. Michigan Radio. https://www.michiganradio.org/post/un-team-says-detroit-water-shutoff-program-violates-human-rights
   Google Scholar
• Carmody, S. (2019). Michigan lawmaker proposes lessening penalty for reconnecting shut-off water service. Michigan Radio. Web. https://www.michiganradio.org/post/michigan-lawmaker-proposes-lessening-penalty-reconnecting-shut-water-service
   Google Scholar
• Constantineau, A. (2017). Fair For whom? Why Debt-Collection Lawsuits in St. Louis Violate the Procedural Due Process Rights of Low-Income Communities. American University Law Review, 66(2), 479–538. http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/aulr/vol66/iss2/
   Google Scholar
• Cwiek, S. (2020). Civil rights groups sue Detroit over water shutoffs. Michigan Radio. Retrieved May 15, 2021, from https://www.michiganradio.org/term/detroit-water-shutoffs
   Google Scholar
• Detroit’s Water and Sewerage Department (DWSD). (2014, August 14). Memorandum of understanding: Regarding the formation of the Great Lakes Water Authority. Detroit, MI: City of Detroit, Web.
   Google Scholar
• Disclosure Statement. (2014, February 21). U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (pp. 1–440). Doc 2709.
   Google Scholar
• Farmer, S. (2014). Cities as risk managers: The impact of Chicago’s parking meter P3 on municipal governance and transportation planning. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 46(9), 2160–2174. https://doi.org/10.1068/a130048p
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FFGC. (2020, June 3). George Floyd, police violence, and our work. Fines & Fees Justice Center. https://finesandfeesjusticecenter.org/2020/06/03/george-floyd-police-violence-and-our-work/
   Google Scholar
• Fields, D. (2017). Unwilling Subjects of Financialization. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 41, 588–603. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijur.12519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitch Ratings. (2012, October 9). Fitch rates Philadelphia’s water, sewer rev ‘A+.’ Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSWNA712320121009
   Google Scholar
• Food and Water Watch. (2015, April 23). One-third of Baltimore residents can't afford ever-increasing water rates. https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/news/one-third-baltimore-residents-cant-afford-ever-increasing-water-rates
   Google Scholar
• Food and Water Watch. (2018). America’s secret water crisis: National Shutoff survey reveal water affordability emergency affecting million (pp. 1–17).
   Google Scholar
• Furlong, K. (2019). Geographies of infrastructure I: Economies. Progress in Human Geography, 44(3), 572–582. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132519850913
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furlong, K. (2020). Trickle-down debt: Infrastructure, development, and financialisation, Medellín 1960–2013. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 45(2), 406–419. http://doi.org/10.1111/tran.v45.2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilmore, R. (2002). Fatal couplings of power and difference: Notes on racism and geography. Professional Geographer, 54(1), 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-0124.00310
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilmore, R. W. (2007). Golden gulag: Prisons, surplus, crisis, and opposition in globalizing California. Berkeley and Los Angeles. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, C. (2015). Segregation and uneven development in greater St. Louis, St. Louis County, and the Ferguson-Florissant School District. Expert Report submitted on behalf of plaintiffs in Missouri State Conference of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. https://clas.uiowa.edu/history/sites/clas.uiowa.edu.history/files/Gordon%20FF%20Report%20Final%20Signed%20w%20Exhs.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Great Lakes Water Authority (GLWA). (2015). Regional Sewage Disposal System Lease Agreement (pp. 1–30). 2015 [Detroit] City of Detroit. Web. February 13, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Hackworth, J. (2007). The neoliberal city: Governance, ideology, and development in American urbanism. Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heck, S. (2021). Greening the color line: Historicizing water infrastructure redevelopment and environmental justice in the St. Louis metropolitan region. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, 0(0), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2021.1888702
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrikse, R. P., & Sidaway, J. D. (2014). Financial wizardry and the golden city: Tracking the financial crisis through pforzheim, Germany. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 39(2), 195–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson, J (2015). The steep price of paying to stay: Baltimore City’s tax sale, the risks to vulnerable homeowners, and strategies to improve the process (pp. 1–39).
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins, D. (2020). Debt and the Underdevelopment of Black America. Roundtable 3: Race and Money. Retrieved January 12, 2021, from https://justmoney.org/d-jenkins-debt-and-the-underdevelopment-of-black-america/
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins, D. (2021). The bonds of inequality: Debt and the making of an American city. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson W. (Ed.). (2017). Race, capitalism, justice forum 1. Boston Review. https://bostonreview.net/forum-i
   Google Scholar
• Kagan, J (2019) Garnishment. Investopedia, Retrieved September 29, 2019, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/garnishment.asp
   Google Scholar
• Kaika, M., & Ruggiero, L. (2016). Land financialization as a ‘lived’ process: The transformation of Milan’s Bicocca by Pirelli. European Urban and Regional Studies, 23(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776413484166
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley, R. D. G. (2017). ‘What is Racial Capitalism and Why Does It Matter?’, recorded at the Kane Hall, University of Washington, Seattle, WA – Video.
   Google Scholar
• Kiel, P., & Waldman, A. (2015). The burden of debt on Black America. The Atlantic. Web. Retrieved October 9, 2015, from https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/10/debt-black-families/409756/
   Google Scholar
• Kurth, J. (2016). Contract for Detroit water shut offs doubles in one year. Detroit News. Web. Retrieved 14 October 14, 2016, from https://eu.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2016/10/13/contract-detroit-water-shutoffs-doubles-one-year/92031538/
   Google Scholar
• Kwesell, A. (2014). In Detroit, city-backed water shut-offs ‘contrary to human rights,’ say UN experts. UN News. Web. Retrieved October 20, 2014, from https://news.un.org/en/story/2014/10/481542-detroit-city-backed-water-shut-offs-contrary-human-rights-say-un-experts
   Google Scholar
• Lakhani, N. (2020). Revealed: millions of Americans can’t afford water as bills rise 80% in a decade. The Guardian. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/23/millions-of-americans-cant-afford-water-bills-rise?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other
   Google Scholar
• Lowe, L. (2015). The intimacies of four continents. Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• McIntyre, M., & Nast, H. J. (2011). Bio(necro)polis: Marx, surplus populations, and the spatial dialectics of reproduction and “Race”1. Antipode, 43(5), 1465–1488. http://doi.org/10.1111/anti.2011.43.issue-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melamed, J. (2015). Racial capitalism. Critical Ethnic Studies, 1(1), 76–85. https://doi.org/10.5749/jcritethnstud.1.1.0076
   Google Scholar
• Melosi, M. (2000). The sanitary city: Urban infrastructure in America from colonial times to the present. Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District (MSD). (2020). MSD consent decree. Retrieved from https://portal.laserfiche.com/Portal/DocView.aspx?id=2193043&repo=r-a96260ce
   Google Scholar
• Montag, C. (2019). Water/color: A study of race & the water affordability crisis in America’s Cities. In A report by Thurgood Marshall Institute NAACP (pp. 1–100).
   Google Scholar
• Moody’s. (2014). US Municipal Utility Revenue Debt. Web. https://www.amwa.net/sites/default/files/moodys-rfc-municipalutilitybonds.pdf
   Google Scholar
• National Consumer Law Center (NCLC). (2012, July). The other foreclosure crisis: Property tax liens sales. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.nclc.org/images/pdf/foreclosure_mortgage/tax_issues/tax-lien-sales-report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Norris, D. (2021). Embedding racism: City government credit ratings and the institutionalization of race in markets. Social Problems, spab066, 1–21.
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien, P., O’Neill, P., & Pike, A. (2019). Funding, financing and governing urban infrastructures. Urban Studies, 56(7), 1291–1303. http://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018824014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omstedt, M. (2019). Reading risk: The practices, limits and politics of municipal bond eating. Environment and Planning A, 53(3), 611–631. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X19880903
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paudyn, B. (2014). Credit ratings and sovereign debt: The political economy of creditworthiness through risk and uncertainty. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Phinney, S. (2018). Detroit’s municipal bankruptcy: Racialised geographies of austerity. New Political Economy, 23(5), 5. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2017.1417371
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponder, C. S. (2017). The life and debt of Great American Cities: Urban reproduction in the time of financialization [Doctoral thesis]. The University of British Colombia.
   Google Scholar
• Ponder, C. S. (2018). The difference a crisis makes: Environmental demands and disciplinary governance in the age of austerity. In M. Davidson & K. Ward (Eds.), Cities Under Austerity: Restructuring the US Metropolis. SUNY: Albany. SUNY.
   Google Scholar
• Ponder, C. S. (2021). Spatializing the municipal bond market: Urban resilience under racial capitalism. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 0(0), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2020.1866487
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponder, C. S., & Omstedt, M. (2019). The violence of municipal debt: From interest rate swaps to racialized harm in the Detroit water crisis. Geoforum; Journal of Physical, Human, and Regional Geosciences, 132,1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Pulido, L. (2016). Flint, environmental racism, and racial capitalism. Capitalism, Nature, Socialism, 27(3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2016.1213013
   Google Scholar
• Ranganathan, M. (2016). Thinking with flint: Racial liberalism and the roots of an American water tragedy. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 27(3), 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2016.1206583
   Google Scholar
• Robertson, S. (2019). $2.6M in garbage fees owed by residents. Natchez Democrat. Retrieved October 22, 2019, from https://www.natchezdemocrat.com/2019/10/22/2-6m-in-garbage-fees-owed-by-residents/
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, C. (2000). Black Marxism: The making of the black radical tradition. University of North Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenman, E. (2019). Capital and conscience: Poverty management and the financialization of good intentions in the San Francisco Bay area. Urban Geography, 40(8), 1124–1147. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2018.1557465
   Google Scholar
• Safransky, S. (2014). Greening the urban frontier: Race, property, and resettlement in Detroit. Geoforum; Journal of Physical, Human, and Regional Geosciences, 56, 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seamster, L. (2019). Black debt, white debt. Contexts, 18(1), 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536504219830674
   Google Scholar
• Seamster, L., & Purifoy, D. (2021). What is environmental racism for? Place-based harm and relational development. Environmental Sociology, 7(2), 110–121. http://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2020.1790331
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, M., & Randall, C. (2020). St. Louis’s shameful workhouse jail must be shut down. Jacobin. Retrieved July 25, 2020, from https://jacobinmag.com/2020/07/close-workhouse-st-louis-missouri-board-bill-92-lewis-reed
   Google Scholar
• Sinclair, T. J. (2005). The New masters of capital: American bond rating agencies and the politics of creditworthiness. Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Singla, A., Kirschner, C., & Stone, S. B. (2020). Race. Representation, and revenue: Reliance on fines and forfeitures in city governments. Urban Affairs Review, 56(4), 1132–1167. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087419834632
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• State of Michigan. (2013). Financial recommendation letter. Retrieved March 1, 2013, from https://www.michigan.gov/documents/treasury/Detroit-Determination-Letter-March-1-2013_415660_7.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sugrue, T. J. (2014). The origins of the urban crisis: Race and inequality in postwar Detroit. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan, E. (2020). Activists Plead Scott to follow promise to remove homeowners from tax sale, April £0, 2021. NPR. Retrieved from https://www.wypr.org/wypr-news/2021-04-30/activists-plead-scott-to-follow-promise-to-remove-some-homeownersfrom-tax-sale
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, R. (2019). State Wage Garnishment Laws. Web. Retrieved April 11, 2019, from https://www.fair-debt-collection.com/defend-debt-lawsuits-and-fight-wage-garnishment/state-wage-garnishment-laws.html
   Google Scholar
• Trickey, E. (2017, Apr 20). How a sewer will save St. Louis. Politico. Retrieved from https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/04/20/st-louis-infrastructure-sewer-tunnelwater-system-215056s
   Google Scholar
• United States Commission on Civil Rights. (1971). Hearing before the United States Commission on Civil Rights. Hearing held in St. Louis, Missouri, January 14–17, 1970. U.S. Govt. //catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102144931
   Google Scholar
• US Department of Justice. (2015). Investigation of the Ferguson Police Department. Web. Retrieved March 4, 2015, from https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/press-releases/attachments/2015/03/04/ferguson_police_department_report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Waldron, R. (2019). Financialization, urban governance and the planning system: Utilizing ‘development viability’ as a policy narrative for the liberalization of Ireland’s post-crash planning system. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 43(4), 685–704. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12789
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J. (2018). Carceral capitalism. MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weber, R. (2010). Selling city futures. Economic Geography, 86(3), 251–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2010.01077.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitfield, D. (2016). The financial commodification of public infrastructure [Research Report No. 8]. European Services Strategy Unit.
   Google Scholar