EVOLUTIONARY CONVERGENCE OR PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY? RESPONSES TO SUMMER RAIN BY CALIFORNIA CHAPARRAL

References

• Axelrod , D..I. 1958 . Evolution of the Madro-Tertiary Geoflora . Botanical Review , 24 : 433 – 509 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axelrod , D..I. 1973 . “ History of mediterranean ecosystems in California ” . In Mediterranean Ecosystems: Origin and Structure Edited by: de Castri , F. and Mooney , H.A. 225 – 277 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Axelrod , D..I. 1975 . Evolution and biogeography of Madrean-Tethyan scherophyll vegeta tion . Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , 62 : 280 – 334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axelrod , D..I. 1979 . Age and origin of Sonoran Desert Vegetation . Occasional Papers of The California Academy of Sciences , 132 : 1 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , G..A. , Rundel , P..W. and Parsons , D..J. 1982 . Comparative phenology and growth of three chaparral shrubs . Botanical Gazette , 143 : 94 – 100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger , W..H. 1982 . “ Climate steps in ocean history-lessons from the Pleistocene ” . In Climate in Earth History Edited by: Berger , W.H. and Crowell , J.C. Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Berger , W..H. and Crowell , J..C. 1982 . Climate in Earth History Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Berggren , W..A. 1982 . “ Role of ocean gateways in climatic change ” . In Climate in Earth History Edited by: Berger , W.H. and Crowell , J.C. 118 – 125 . Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Berggren , W..A. and Hollister , C..D. 1977 . Plate tectonics and paleocirculation-commotion in the ocean . Tectonophysics , 11 : 11 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Brenchley , P..J. 1984 . Fossils and Climate New York : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , J..H. and Gibson , A..C. 1983 . Biogeography St. Louis : C. V. Mosby .
   Google Scholar
• Burk , J..H. 1978 . Seasonal and diurnal water potentials in selected chaparral shrubs . American Midland Naturalist , 95 : 446 – 450 .
   Google Scholar
• California Department of Water Resources . 1980 . California Rainfall Summary: Monthly total precipitation, 1849-1979 Sacramento, CA : The Resources Agency, Division of Planning .
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter , F..L. and Recher , H..F. 1979 . Pollination, reproduction, and fire . American Naturalist , 113 : 871 – 879 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , D..L. 1982 . “ The Arctic ocean and post-Jurassic Paleoclimatology ” . In Climate in Earth History Edited by: Berger , W.H. and Crowell , J.C. 133 – 138 . Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cody , M..L. , Fuentes , E..R. , Glanz , W. , Hunt , J..H. and Moldenke , A..R. 1977 . “ Convergent Evolution in the Consumer Organisms of mediterranean Chile and California ” . In Convergent Evolution in California and Chile Edited by: Mooney , H.A. 144 – 192 . Stroudberg, PA : Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross .
   Google Scholar
• Corliss , B..H. , Marie-Perre Aubry , W..A. , Berggren , W..A. , Fenner , L..D. , Keigwin Jr. , L..D. and Keller , G. 1984 . The Eocene/Oligocene boundary event in the deep sea . Science , 226 : 806 – 810 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan , I. and Milthorpe , F..L. 1968 . “ Plant factors influencing water status of plant tissue ” . In Water Deficits and Plant Growth: Development, Control, and Measurement Edited by: Kozlowski , T.T. 137 – 193 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dunn , E..L. 1975 . “ Environmental stresses and inherent limitations affecting CO2 exchange in evergreen sclerophylls in mediterranean-type vegetation ” . In Perspectives in Biophysical Ecology Edited by: Gates , D.M. and Schmerl , R.B. 159 – 181 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Dunn , E..L. , Shropshire , F..M. , Song , L..C. and Mooney , H..A. 1976 . “ The water factor and convergent evolution in mediterranean-type vegetation ” . In Water and Plant Life Edited by: Lang , O.L. , Kappen , L. and Schultz , E.D. 492 – 505 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Frakes , L..A. 1979 . Climate Throughout Geologic Time New York : Elsevier Scientific Publ. Co .
   Google Scholar
• Fulton , R..E. and Carpenter , F..L. 1979 . Pollination, reproduction, and fire in . Arctostaphylos. Oecologia , 38 : 147 – 157 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentry , H..S. 1942 . Rio Mayo Plants: A study of the flora and vegetation of the valley of the Rio Mayo, Sonora Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication No. 527 .
   Google Scholar
• Griffin , J..R. 1973 . Xylem sap tensions in woodland oaks of central California . Ecology , 54 : 152 – 159 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hag , B..U. , Premoli-Silva , I. and Lohmann , G..P. 1977 . Calcareous plankton paleo-biogeographic evidence for major climate fluctuations in the Early Cenozoic Atlantic Ocean . Journal of Geophysical Research , 82 : 3861 – 3876 .
   Google Scholar
• Hanes , T..L. 1977 . “ California Chaparral ” . In Terrestrial Vegetation of California Edited by: Barbour , M.G. and Major , J. 417 – 470 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Harrison , A..T. , Small , E. and Mooney , H..A. 1971 . Drought relationships and distribution of two mediterranean-climate California plant communities . Ecology , 52 : 869 – 875 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humboldt , Alexander.von . 1806 . Ideen zu einer Physiognomik der Gewächse Tübingen
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , D..L. 1977 . The late Quaternary climate of coastal California: Evidence for an ice age refugium . Quaternary Research , 8 : 154 – 179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearney , T..H. and Peebles , R..H. 1960 . Arizona Flora Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Keeley , J..E. and Keeley , S..C. 1977 . Energy allocation patterns of sprouting and non-sprouting species of Arctostaphylos in California chaparral . American Midland Naturalist , 98 : 1 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Kemp , E..M. 1978 . Tertiary climatic evolution and vegetaion history in the southeast Indian Ocean region . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , 24 : 169 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennett , J..P. , Burns , R..E. , Andrews , J..E. , Churkin Jr. , M. , Davies , T..A. , Dumitrica , P. , Edwards , A..R. , Galehouse , J..S. , Packham , G..H. and vander Lingen , G..J. 1972 . Australian-Antarctic continental drift, palaeocirculation changes and Oligocene deep sea erosion . Nature Physical Science , 239 : 51 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kummerow , J. 1983 . “ Comparative phenology of mediterranean-type plant communities ” . In Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems: The Role of Nutrients Edited by: Kruger , F.J. , Mitchell , D.T. and Jarvis , J.U. M. 300 – 317 . New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Kummerow , J. , Montenegro , G. and Krause , D. 1981 . “ Biomass, phenology and growth ” . In Resource Use by Chaparral and Matorral Edited by: Miller , P.C. 69 – 96 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , W..C. and Hutchins , C..R. 1980 . A Flora of New Mexico AR Ganter-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Martinez , M. 1939 . Las Plantas Medicinales de Mexico Ediciones Botas .
   Google Scholar
• Matthews , R..K. and Poore , R..Z. 1980 . Tertiary δ18O record and glacial-eustatic sea level fluctuations . Geology , 8 : 501 – 504 .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , P..C. and Poole , D..K. 1979 . Patterns of water use by shrubs in southern California . Forest Science , 25 : 84 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooney , H..A. 1977 . “ Southern coastal scrub ” . In Terrestrial Vegetation of California Edited by: Barbour , M.G. and Major , J. 471 – 478 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Mooney , H..A. and Dunn , E..L. 1970 . Convergent evolution of mediterranean-climate evergreen sclerophyll shrubs . Evolution , 24 : 292 – 303 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooney , H..A. , Kummerow , J. , Johnson , A..W. , Parsons , D..J. , Keeley , S. , Hoffman , A. , Hays , R..I. , Giliberto , J. and Chu , C. 1977 . “ The producers-their resources and adaptive responses ” . In Convergent Evolution in Califormia and Chile Edited by: Mooney , H.A. 85 – 143 . US/IBP Synthesis series. Stroudsburg, PA : Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross .
   Google Scholar
• Moran , R. 1977 . Botany of the San Pedro Mártir trip San Diego Natural History Museum .
   Google Scholar
• Munz , P..A. 1959 . A California Flora Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Munz , P..A. 1974 . A Flora of Southern California Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Oechel , W..C. and Hastings , S..J. 1983 . “ The effects of fire on photosynthesis in chaparral resprouts ” . In Mediterranean-type Ecosystems: The Role of Nutrients Edited by: Kruger , F.J. , Mitchell , D.T. and Jarvis , J.U. M. 274 – 285 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Poole , D..K. and Miller , P..C. 1975 . Water relations of selected species of chaparral and coastal sage species . Ecology , 56 : 1118 – 1128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole , D..K. and Miller , P..C. 1981 . The distribution of plant waterstress and vegetation characteristics in southern California chaparral . American Midland Naturalist , 105 : 32 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radosevich , S..R. and Conard , S..G. 1980 . Physiological control of chamise shoot growth after fire . American Journal of Botany , 67 : 1442 – 1447 .
   Google Scholar
• Raven , P..H. and Axelrod , D..I. 1978 . Origin and relationships of the California Flora . University of California Publications in Botany , 72 : 1 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , S..W. , Miller , P..C. and Valamanesh , A. 1981 . Comparative field water relations of four co-occurring chaparral shrub species . Oecologia , 48 : 360 – 363 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rzedowski , J. 1978 . Vegetación de Mexico Mexico : Editorial Limusa .
   Google Scholar
• Savin , S..M. 1977 . The history of the earth's surface temperature during the last 100 million years . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences , 5 : 319 – 355 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Searcy , K..B. 1969 . Variation in Cercocarpus in southern California . New Phytologist , 68 : 829 – 839 .
   Google Scholar
• Shackleton , N..J. 1984 . “ Oxygen isotope evidence for Cenozoic climatic change ” . In Fossils and Climate Edited by: Brenchley , P.J. 743 – 755 . New York : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Shackleton , N..J. and Kennett , N..J. 1975 . “ Paleotemperature history of the Cenozoic and the initiation of Antarctic glaciation: Oxygen and carbon isotope analysis in DSDP sites 277, 279, and 281 ” . In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 29 Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Siesser , W..G. 1980 . Late Miocene origin of the Benguela upswelling system off northern Namibia . Science , 208 : 283 – 285 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Standley , P..C. 1920-26 . Trees and shrubs of Mexico . Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium , 23 : 1 – 1721 .
   Google Scholar
• Sylvertsen , J..P. 1974 . Relative stem water potentials of three woody perennials in a southern oak woodland community . Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciertces , 73 : 103 – 113 .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Dept. of Commerce . 1977 . Local Climatological Data, Los Angeles Airport Asheville, NC : National Climatic Data Center .
   Google Scholar
• Wells , P..V. 1969 . The relation between mode of reproduction and extent of speciation in woody general of the California chaparral . Evolution , 23 : 264 – 267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiggins , I..L. 1980 . Flora of Baja California Stanford : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wolfe , J..A. 1978 . A paleobotanical interpretation of Tertiary climates in the Northern Hemisphere . American Scientist , 66 : 694 – 703 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar