Hemphillian (Late Miocene) Snakes from Nebraska, with Comments on Arikareean Through Blancan Snakes of Midcontinental North America

LITERATURE CITED

• Auffenberg , W. 1958 . A new genus of colubrid snake from the Upper Miocene of North America . American Museum of Natural History Novitates , 1874 : 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Auffenberg , W. 1963 . The fossil snakes of Florida . Tulane Studies in Zoology , 10 : 131 – 216 .
   Google Scholar
• Banks , C. R. , McDiarmid , R. W. and Gardner , A. L. 1987 . Checklist of vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. territories and Canada. U.S. Department of the Interior . Fish & Wildlife Service Resource Publication , 166 : 1 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Boellstorff , J. D. 1976 . The succession of late Cenozoic volcanic ashes in the Great Plains: a progress report. 24th Ann. Mtg. Midwest Friends Pleistocene . Kansas Geological Survey Guidebook Series , 1 : 31 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Brattstrom , B. H. 1967 . A succession of Pliocene and Pleistocene snake faunas from the High Plains of the United States . Copeia , 1967 : 188 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Eshelman , R. E. 1975 . Geology and paleontology of the Early Pleistocene (late Blancan) White Rock fauna from north-central Kansas . University of Michigan Papers in Paleontology , 13 : 1 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Green , M. and Holman , J. A. 1977 . A late Tertiary stream channel fauna from south Bijou Hill, South Dakota . Journal of Paleontology , 51 : 543 – 547 .
   Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. 1964 . Fossil snakes from the Valentine Formation of Nebraska . Copeia , 1964 : 631 – 637 .
   Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. 1965 . A late Pleistocene herpetofauna from Missouri . Transaction of the Illinois Academy of Science , 58 : 190 – 194 .
   Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. 1968 . Upper Pliocene snakes from Idaho . Copeia , 1968 : 152 – 158 .
   Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. 1970 . Herpetofauna of the Wood Mountain Formation (upper Miocene) of Saskatchewan . Canadian Journal of Earth Science , 7 : 1317 – 1325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. 1972 . “ Amphibians and reptiles; ” . In Early Pleistocene Preglacial and Glacial Rocks and Faunas of North-central Nebraska , Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 148 Edited by: Skinner , M. F. 55 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. 1973a . Reptiles of the Egelhoff local fauna (upper Miocene) of Nebraska. Contributions of the Museum of Paleontology . University of Michigan , 24 : 125 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. 1973b . Herpetofauna of the Mission local fauna (Lower Pliocene) of South Dakota . Journal of Paleontology , 47 : 462 – 464 .
   Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. 1973c . A new Pliocene snake, genus Elaphe, from Oklahoma . Copeia , 1973 : 574 – 580 .
   Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. 1975 . Herpetofauna of the WaKeeney local fauna (lower Pliocene: Clarendonian) of Trego County, Kansas . University of Michigan Papers in Paleontology , 12 : 49 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. 1976a . A boid and a colubrid snake from the Harrison Formation (lower Miocene: Arikareean) of Sioux County, Nebraska . Herpetologica , 32 : 387 – 389 .
   Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. 1976b . Snakes of the Gering Formation (Lower Miocene) of Nebraska . Herpetologica , 32 : 88 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. 1976c . Snakes from the Rosebud Formation (Middle Miocene) of South Dakota . Herpetologica , 32 : 41 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. 1976d . Snakes of the Split Rock Formation (Middle Miocene), central Wyoming . Herpetologica , 32 : 419 – 426 .
   Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. 1977a . Amphibians and reptiles from the Gulf Coast Miocene of Texas . Herpetologica , 33 : 391 – 403 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. 1977b . Upper Miocene snakes (Reptilia, Serpentes) from southeastern Nebraska . Journal of Herpetology , 11 : 323 – 335 .
   Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. 1977c . Additional snakes from the Miocene of western Nebraska . Herpetologica , 32 : 443 – 446 .
   Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. 1977d . Snakes of the Monroe Creek Formation (Lower Miocene: Arikareean) of Wyoming . Copeia , 1977 : 193 – 194 .
   Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. 1978 . Herpetofauna of the Bijou Hills local fauna (late Miocene: Barstovian) of South Dakota . Herpeto-logica , 34 : 253 – 257 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. 1979 . A review of North American Tertiary snakes. Publications of the Museum . Michigan State University Paleontological Series , 1 : 203 – 260 .
   Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. 1981a . A review of North American Pleistocene snakes. Publications of the Museum . Michigan State University Paleontological Series , 1 : 263 – 306 .
   Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. 1981b . A herpetofauna from an eastern extension of the Harrison Formation (early Miocene: Arikareean), Cherry County, Nebraska . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 1 : 49 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. 1982a . A fossil snake (Elaphe vulpina) from a Pliocene ash bed in Nebraska . Transaction of the Nebraska Academy of Science , 10 : 37 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. 1982b . New herpetological species and records from the Norden Bridge fauna (Miocene: late Barstovian) of Nebraska . Transaction of the Nebraska Academy of Science , 10 : 31 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. 1984a . Texasophis galbreathi, new species, the earliest New World colubrid snake . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 3 : 223 – 225 .
   Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. 1984b . Texasophis (Reptilia: Serpentes), an addition to the Miocene (Clarendonian) of North America . Copeia , 1984 : 660 – 661 .
   Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. 1987 . Herpetofauna of the Egelhoff site (Miocene: Barstovian) of north-central Nebraska . Journal of Paleontology , 7 : 109 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. and Sullivan , R. 1981 . A small herpetofauna from the type section of the Valentine Formation (Miocene, Barstovian) Cherry County, Nebraska . Journal of Paleontology , 55 : 138 – 144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluge , A. G. 1988 . Relationships of the Cenozoic boine snakes Paraepicrates Pseudoepicrates . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 8 : 229 – 230 .
   Google Scholar
• Leite , M. B. 1988 . Stratigraphically superposed Clarendonian and Hemphillian age faunas from the North Platte Valley, Western Nebraska. Abstract . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 3 ( 8 supp ) : 20A
   Google Scholar
• Lynch , J. D. 1985 . Annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Nebraska . Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Science , 13 : 33 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Meylan , P. A. 1982 . The squamate reptiles of the Inglis IA Fauna (Irvingtonian: Citrus County, Florida) . Bulletin of the Florida State Museum , 27 : 1 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Parmley , D. 1984 . “ Herpetofauna of the Coffee Ranch local fauna (Hemphillian Land Mammal Age) of Texas; ” . In Festschrift for Walter W Edited by: Horner , N. V. 97 – 106 . Wichita Falls, Texas : Dalquest. Midwestern State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Parmley , D. 1986a . Herpetofauna of the Rancholabrean Schulze Cave local fauna of Texas . Journal of Herpetology , 20 : 1 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Parmley , D. 1986b . An annotated key to isolated trunk vertebrae of Elaphe(Colubridae) species occurring in Texas . Texas Journal of Science , 38 : 41 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Parmley , D. 1987 . Lampropeltis similis from the Coffee Ranch local fauna (Hemphillian Land Mammal Age) of Texas . Texas Journal of Science , 39 : 123 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Parmley , D. 1988a . Early Hemphillian (Late Miocene) snakes from the Higgins local fauna of Lipscomb County, Texas . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 23 : 322 – 327 .
   Google Scholar
• Parmley , D. 1988b . Middle Holocene herpetofauna of Klein Cave, Kerr County, Texas . Southwestern Naturalist , 33 : 378 – 382 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmley , D. 1989 . A plethodontid vertebra from the mid-Hemphillian of Texas . Texas Journal of Science , 41 : 434 – 435 .
   Google Scholar
• Parmley , D. 1990 . Late Pleistocene snakes from Fowlkes Cave, Culberson County, Texas . Journal of Herpetology , 24 : 266 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters , J. A. 1953 . A fossil snake of the genus Heterodon from the Pliocene of Kansas . Journal of Paleontology , 27 : 328 – 331 .
   Google Scholar
• Rage , J. C. 1988 . The oldest known colubrid snakes. The state of the art. Acta Zool . Cracov. , 31 : 457 – 474 .
   Google Scholar
• Rage , J. C. and Holman , J. A. 1984 . Des serpents (Reptilia, Squamata) de Type Nord-American dans le Miocene Francais . Evolution parallele ou dispersion? Geobios , 17 : 87 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , K. L. 1976 . Herpetofauna of the Beck Ranch local fauna (upper Pliocene: Blancan) of Texas. Publications of the Museum . Michigan State University Paleontological Series , 1 : 167 – 200 .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , K. L. 1984 . Herpetofaunas of the Big Springs and Hornet's Nest quarries (northeastern Nebraska, Pleistocene: late Blancan) . Transaction of the Nebraska Academy of Science , 12 : 81 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Ruben , J. 1971 . A Pliocene colubrid snake (Reptilia: Colubridae) from west-central Nevada . Paleo Bios , 13 : 1 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Stanley , S. M. 1979 . Macroevolution, pattern and process 332 San Francisco, California : W. H. Freeman and Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Szyndlar , S. 1987 . Snakes from the lower Miocene locality of Dolnice (Czechoslovakia) . Journal of Paleontology , 7 : 55 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Devender , T. R. , Rea , A. M. and Smith , M. L. 1985 . The Sangamon interglacial vertebrate fauna from Ranch la Brisca, Sonora, Mexico . Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History , 21 : 23 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Voorhies , M. R. 1977 . Fossil moles of late Hemphillian age from Northeastern Nebraska . Transaction of the Nebraska Academy of Science , 4 : 129 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Voorhies , M. R. 1988 . The giant marmot Paenemarmota sawrockensis (new combination) in Hemphillian deposits of northeastern Nebraska . Transaction of the Nebraska Academy of Science , 16 : 165 – 172 .
   Google Scholar
• Voorhies , M. R. , Holman , J. A. and Xiang-Xu , X. 1987 . The Hottell Ranch rhino quarries (basal Ogallala: Medial Barstovian), Banner County, Nebraska. Part I: geologic setting, faunal lists, lower vertebrates . University of Wyoming Contributions in Geology , 25 : 55 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Webb , D. S. 1983 . “ The rise and fall of the late Miocene ungulate fauna in North America; ” . In Coevolution Edited by: Nitecki , M. H. 267 – 306 . Chicago : TheUniversity of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Webb , D. S. , MacFadden , B. J. and Baskin , J. A. 1981 . Geology and paleontology of the Love Bone Bed from the late Miocene of Florida . American Journal of Science , 281 : 513 – 544 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodburne , M. O. , ed. 1987 . Cenozoic mammals of North America—geochronology and biostratigraphy 336 California : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar