Relationships of the Megatheriinae, Nothrotheriinae, and Planopsinae: some skeletal characteristics and their importance for phylogeny

LITERATURE CITED

• Akersten , W. A. and McDonald , H. G. 1991 . Nothrotheriops from the Pleistocene of Oklahoma and paleogeography of the genus . Southwestern Naturalist , 36 : 178 – 185 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ameghino , C. and Kraglievich , L. 1921 . Descripción del “Megatherium gallardoi” C. Ameghino descubierto en el Pampeano inferior de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. An ales del Museo de Historia Natural . Buenos Aires , 31 : 135 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Bocquentin-Villanueva , J. 1983 . Un nuevo representante de la subfamilia Prepotheriinae (Mammalia, Edentata) proveniente del Mioceno de Venezuela , Memoria, III Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontologia:516–523
   Google Scholar
• Burmeister , H. 1882 . Nothropus priscus, ein bisher unbekanntes fossiles Faulthier . Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin , 28 : 613 – 620 .
   Google Scholar
• Cabrera , A. 1939a . Sobre vertebrados fósiles del Plioceno de Adolfo Alsina. Revista del Museo de La Plata (Nueva Serie) 2 . Sección Paleontología , 6 : 3 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Cabrera , A. 1939b . Un nuevo representante santacrucense de la familia Megatheriidae. Notas del Museo de La Plata 4 . Sección Paleontología , 20 : 475 – 483 .
   Google Scholar
• Cartelle , C. 1991 . Um novo Mylodontinae (Edentata, Xenarthra) do Pleistoceno final da região intertropical brasileira . Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciěncias , 63 : 161 – 170 .
   Google Scholar
• Cartelle , C. and Bohórquez. , G. A. 1986 . Descrição das prémaxilas de Nothrotherium maquinense (Lund) Lydekker, 1889 (Edentata, Megalonychidae) e de Eremotherium laurillardi (Lund) Cartelle and Bohórquez, 1982 (Edentata, Megatheriidae). Iheringia, Séria Geólogica . Porto Alegre , 11 : 9 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Cartelle , C. and Fonseca , J. S. 1983 . Contribuição ao melhor conhecimento da pequena preguiça terrícola Nothrotherium maquinense (Lund) Lydekker, 1889 . Lundiana , 2 : 127 – 181 .
   Google Scholar
• Crisci , J. V. and Stuessy , T. F. 1980 . Determining primitive character states for phylogenetic reconstruction . Systematic Botany , 5 : 112 – 135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelmann , G. F. 1985 . “ The phylogeny of the Xenarthra; ” . In The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas Edited by: Montgomery , G. G. 51 – 64 . Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• Engelmann , G. F. 1987 . A new Deseadan sloth (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from Salla, Bolivia, and its implications for the primitive condition of the dentition in edentates . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 7 : 217 – 223 .
   Google Scholar
• Frailey , C. D. 1986 . Late Miocene and Holocene mammals, exclusive of the Notoungulata, of the Rio Acre region, western Amazonia. Contributions in Science . Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County , 374 : 1 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Frailey , C. D. 1988 . The Miocene vertebrates of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia. Part II. Edentata. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History . University of Kansas , 123 : 1 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Hirschfeld , S. E. 1985 . Ground sloths from the Friasian La Venta Fauna, with additions to the pre-Friasian Coyaima Fauna of Colombia, South America . University of California Publications in Geological Sciences , 128 : 1 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffstetter , R. 1958 . “ Xenarthra; ” . In Traité de Paléontologie Edited by: Piveteau , J. Vol. 6 , 535 – 636 . Paris : Masson et Companie .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffstetter , R. 1961 . Description d'un squelette de Planops (gravigrade du Miocène de Patagonie) . Mammalia , 25 : 57 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffstetter , R. 1982 . Les 4eAdentés xénarthres, un groupe singulier de la faune néotropicale . Proceedings of the First International Meeting on “Paleontology Essential of Historical Geology,” Venice , 1981 : 385 – 443 .
   Google Scholar
• Kraglievich , L. 1934 . Contribución al conocimiento de Mylodon darwini Owen y especies afines . Revista del Museo de La Plata , 34 : 255 – 292 .
   Google Scholar
• Leidy , J. 1855 . A memoir on the extinct sloth tribe of North America . Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge , 7 : 1 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Lessertisseur , J. and Saban , R. 1967 . “ Squelette appendiculaire; ” . In Traité de Zoologie Edited by: Grassé , P. O. Vol. 16 , 709 – 1078 . Paris : Masson et Companie .
   Google Scholar
• Lull , R. S. 1929 . A remarkable ground sloth . Memoirs of the Peabody Museum , 3 : 1 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Lydekker , R. 1894 . Contributions to a knowledge of the fossil vertebrates of Argentina, 2. Anales del Museo de La Plata . Sección Paleontología , 3 : 1 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Maddison , W. P. , Donaghue , M. J. and Maddison , D. R. 1984 . Outgroup analysis and parsimony . Systematic Zoology , 33 : 83 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Marshall , L. G. and Salinas , P. 1990 . Stratigraphy of the Rio Frias Formation (Miocene), along the Alto Rio Cisnes, Aisen, Chile . Revista Geologica de Chile , 17 : 57 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Marshall , L. G. and Sempere , T. 1991 . “ The Eocene to Pleistocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context: a review; ” . In Fosiles y Facies de Bolivia—Volumen I , Vertebrados. Revista Tecnica de Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos 12 Edited by: Suarez-Soruco , R. 631 – 652 .
   Google Scholar
• Matthew , W. D. and de Paula Couto. , C. 1959 . The Cuban edentates . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 117 : 1 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• McDonald , H. G. 1985 . “ The Shasta ground sloth Nothrotheriops shastense (Xenarthra, Megatheriidae) in the middle Pleistocene of Florida; ” . In The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas Edited by: Montgomery , G. G. 95 – 104 . Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• McDonald , H. G. 1987 . A systematic review of the Plio-Pleistocene scelidothere ground sloths (Mammalia: Edentata: Mylodontidae) 478 Ph.D. dissertation, University of Toronto
   Google Scholar
• Mones , A. 1988 . Nuevos registros de mamíferos fósiles de la Formación San José (Plioceno-Pleistocene inferior?) (Mammalia: Xenarthra; Artiodactyla; Rodentia) . Comunicaciones Paleontológicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo , 20 : 255 – 277 .
   Google Scholar
• Naples , V. L. 1982 . Cranial osteology and function in the tree sloths, Bradypus Choloepus . American Museum Novitates , 2739 : 1 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Naples , V. L. 1987 . Reconstruction of cranial morphology and analysis of function in the Pleistocene ground sloth, Nothrotheriops shastense (Mammalia, Megatheriidae) . Contributions in Science , 389 : 1 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Osborn , H. F. 1910 . The Age of Mammals in Europe, Asia and North America 635 New York : The MacMillan Company .
   Google Scholar
• Owen , R. 1856 . On the Megatherium (Megatherium americanum Cuvier and Blumenbach). Part III. The skull . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , 146 : 571 – 589 .
   Google Scholar
• Owen , R. 1860 . On the Megatherium (Megatherium americanum Cuvier and Blumenbach). Part V. Bones of the posterior extremities . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , 149 : 809 – 829 .
   Google Scholar
• Pascual , R. , Bondesio , P. , Scillato-Yané , G. J. , Vucetich , M. G. and de Gasparini. , Z. B. 1978 . “ Vertebrados; ” . In Geologia y Recursos Naturales del Neuquén , Congreso Geológico Argentino, Relatorio 7 177 – 185 .
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , B. and Pascual , R. 1972 . “ The fossil mammal fauna of South America; ” . In Evolution, Mammals, and Southern Continents Edited by: Keast , A. , Erk , F. C. and Glass , B. 247 – 309 . Albany : State University of New York .
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , B. , Segall , W. , Turnbull , W. D. and Gaudin , T. J. 1992 . The ear region in xenarthrans (=Edentata: Mammalia). Part II . Pilosa (sloths, anteaters), palaeanodonts, and a miscellany. Fieldiana, Geology new series , 24 : 1 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Paula Couto , C. de. 1954 . Megatérios intertropicais do Pleistoceno . Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciěncias , 26 : 447 – 463 .
   Google Scholar
• Paula Couto , C. de. 1971 . On two small Pleistocene ground sloths . Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciěncias , 43 ( Suplemento ) : 449 – 512 .
   Google Scholar
• Paula Couto , C. de. 1979 . Tratado de Paleomastozoologia 590 Rio de Janeiro : Academia Brasileira de Ciěncias .
   Google Scholar
• Reinhardt , J. 1878 . Kaempedovendyr-Slaegten Coelodon. Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter. 5 Raekke . Naturvidenskabelig og Mathematisk Afdeling , 12 : 257 – 335 .
   Google Scholar
• Santos , J. C. R. and De Iuliis. , G. 1993 . Nova interpretacao systemática de Urumacotherium garciai Bocquentin-Villanueva, 1984, um Edentata-Tardigrada do Huayqueriense da Venezuela . Ameghiniana , 30 : 340
   Google Scholar
• Scillato-Yané , G. J. 1977 . Octomylodontinae: nueva subfamilia de Mylodontidae (Edentata, Tardigrada). Descripción del cráineo y mandíbula de Octomylodon robertoscagliai n. sp., procedentes de la Formación Arroyo Chasicó (Edad Chasiquense, Plioceno temprano) del sur de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Algunas consideraciones filogenéticas y systemáticas sobre los Mylodontoidea . Publicaciones del Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales de Mar del Plata “Lorenzo Scaglia” , 2 : 123 – 140 .
   Google Scholar
• Scillato-Yané , G. J. 1979 . Nuevo Nothrotheriinae (Edentata, Tardigrada) de Edad Chasiquense (Plioceno temprano) del sur de la Prov. de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Su importancia bioestratigráfica, filogenética y paleobiogeográfica . VII Congreso Geolégico Argentino (Neuquén 1978) , 2 : 449 – 457 .
   Google Scholar
• Scillato-Yané , G. J. 1986 . Los Xenarthra fósiles de Argentina (Mammalia, Edentata). Simposio “Evolution de los vertebrados cenozoicos.” . Actas IV Congreso Argentino de Paleontología y Bioestratigrafia (Mendoza, 1986) , 11 : 151 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Scillato-Yané , G. J. , Carlini , A. A. and Vizcaíno. , S. F. 1987 . Nuevo Nothrotheriinae (Edentata, Tardigrada) de Edad Chasiquense (Mioceno tardio) del sur de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina) . Ameghiniana , 24 : 211 – 215 .
   Google Scholar
• Scillato-Yané , G. J. , Vizcaíno , S. F. , Carlini , A. A. and De Iuliis. , G. 1993 . Sistemática y filogenia de los Tardigrada del Mioceno medio de Patagonia II: Megatheroidea . Ameghiniana , 30 : 112 – 113 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , W. B. 1903–1904 . Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899. Volume 5, Paleontology, Mammalia of the Santa Cruz Beds . Part , 1 : 107 – 364 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , W. B. 1913 . A History of Land mammals in the Western Hemisphere 693 New York : The MacMillan Company .
   Google Scholar
• Simpson , G. G. 1945 . The principles of classification and a classification of mammals . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 85 : 1 – 350 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stock , C. 1925 . Cenozoic gravigrade edentates of western North America . Carnegie Institution of Washington , 331 : 1 – 206 .
   Google Scholar
• Weber , M. C. W. 1904 . Die Säugetiere 866 Jena : Einführung in die Anatomie und Systematik der recenten und fossilen Mammalia. G. Fischer .
   Google Scholar
• Webb , S. D. 1985 . “ The interrelationships of tree sloths and ground sloths; ” . In The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas Edited by: Montgomery , G. G. 105 – 112 . Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• Webb , S. D. 1989 . “ Osteology and relationships of Thinobadistes segnis, the first mylodont sloth in North America; ” . In Advances in Neotropical Mammalogy Edited by: Redford , K. H. and Eisenberg , J. F. 469 – 532 . Gainesville : Sandhill Crane Press .
   Google Scholar
• Webb , S. D. and Perrigo , S. 1985 . “ New megalonychid sloths from El Salvador; ” . In The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas Edited by: Montgomery , G. G. 113 – 120 . Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , R. W. 1942 . Preliminary study of the fauna of Rampart Cave, Arizona. Contributions to Paleontology . Carnegie Institution of Washington , 530 : 169 – 185 .
   Google Scholar
• Winge , H. 1915 . Jordfundne og nulevende Gumlere (Edentata) fra Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, Brasilien. Med Udsigt over Gumlernes indbyrdes Slaegtskab. E . Museo Lundii , 3 : 1 – 321 .
   Google Scholar
• Winge , H. 1923 . Pattedyr Slaegter. I. Monotremata, Marsupalia, Insectivora, Chiroptera, Edentata. H 360 Copenhagen : Hagerups Forlag .
   Google Scholar
• Winge , H. 1941 . The interrelationships of the mammalian genera. I. Monotremata, Marsupalia, Insectivora, Chiroptera, Edentata 418 Copenhagen : C.A. Reitzels Forlag .
   Google Scholar
• von Zittel , K. A. 1893 . Handbuch der Palaeontologie. I. Abtheilung Palaeozoologie. IV. Vertebrata (Mammalia) 799 München : Oldenbourg .
   Google Scholar
• von Zittel , K. A. 1925 . Handbook of Palaeontology. 3. Mammalia 316 London : MacMillan and Company .
   Google Scholar