The first Esox (Esocidae: Teleostei) from the Eocene Green River Formation, and a brief review of esocid fishes

LITERATURE CITED

• Agassiz , L. 1833–1844 . Recherches sur les Poissons Fossiles. 5 volumes plus supplement. Published by the author, printed by Petitpierre: Neuchâtel. Dates for publication of individual parts are given by W. H. Brown in Woodward and Sherborn (1890:xxv-xxix), volume 5 (ref. cited below)
   Google Scholar
• Bean , T. H. 1880 . Descriptions of some genera and species of Alaskan fishes. Proceedings of the United States national museum . Washington (1879 , 2 : 353 – 359 .
   Google Scholar
• Berg , L. S. 1936 . Suborder Esocoidei (Pisces) . Izvestiia Biologicheskogo nauchno-issledovate'skogo instituta pri Permskom gosudar-stvennom universitete , 10 ( 9–10 ) : 385 – 388 .
   Google Scholar
• Berg , L. S. 1940 . Classification of fishes both Recent and fossil. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta . Leningrad , 5 : 87 – 517 . [1965 edition reprinted by the Thai National Document Center, Bangkok, with English translation, 304]
   Google Scholar
• Berg , L. S. 1948 . Freshwater fishes of the USSR and adjacent countries, 4^th edition. Part 1. Akademia Nauk USSR, Moscow and Leningrad. 466 [In Russian, English translation published by Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem 505
   Google Scholar
• Berg , L. S. 1949 . “ Esocidae; ” . In Commercial Fishes of the U.S.S.R Edited by: Berg , L. S. , Bogdanov , A. S. , Kojin , N. I. and Rass , T. S. 300 – 305 . Moscow. [Russian] : Commercial Food Press .
   Google Scholar
• Berinkey , L. 1959 . Early Pleistocene fish fossils from the Üröm Quarry . Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici , 51 : 105 – 112 .
   Google Scholar
• Blainville , H. de. 1818 . Sur les ichthyolites ou les poissons fossiles . Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle , 37 : 310 – 395 . Deterville, Paris
   Google Scholar
• Bland , J. K. and Bardack , D. 1973 . A Pleistocene pike Esox cf. lucius from the southern end of Lake Michigan . The American Midland Naturalist , 89 ( 1 ) : 138 – 144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavender , T. M. 1969 . An Oligocene mudminnow (family Umbridae) from Oregon with remarks on relationshps within the Esocoidei. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan . No. , 660 : 1 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Cavender , T. M. , Lundberg , J. G. and Wilson , R. L. 1970 . Two new fossil records of the genus Esox (Teleostei, Salmoniformes) in North America . Northwest Science , 44 : 176 – 183 .
   Google Scholar
• Chapman , W. M. 1934 . The osteology of the haplimous fish Novwnbra hubbsi Schultz with comparative notes on related species . Journal of Morphology , 56 ( 2 ) : 371 – 405 .
   Google Scholar
• Crossman , E. J. 1960 . Variation in number and asymmetry in branchiostegal rays in the family Esocidae . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 38 : 363 – 375 .
   Google Scholar
• Crossman , E. J. 1966 . A taxonomic study of Esox americanus and its subspecies in eastern North America . Copeia , 1966 ( 1 ) : 1 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Crossman , E. J. 1978 . Taxonomy and distribution of North American esocids. American Fisheries Society . Special Publication , 11 : 13 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Crossman , E. J. and Buss , K. 1965 . Hybridizaiton in the Family Esocidae . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 22 : 1261 – 1292 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crossman , E. J. and Harington , C. R. 1970 . Pleistocene pike, Esox lucius Esox sp. from the Yukon Territory and Ontario . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences , 7 : 1130 – 1138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deckert , K. and Karper , C. 1965 . The fish remains from the Early Pleistocene of Voigtstedt in Thuringia (German Democratic Republic) . Paläontologie Abhandlungen , 2 ( 2–3 ) : 299 – 322 .
   Google Scholar
• Dineen , C. F. and Stokely , P. S. 1954 . Osteology of the central mud-minnow, Umbra limi . Copeia , 1954 : 169 – 179 .
   Google Scholar
• Dingerkus , G. and Uhler , L. D. 1977 . Enzyme clearing of alcian blue stained whole small vertebrates for demonstration of cartilage . Journal of Stain Techniques , 52 : 229 – 232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dybowski , B. I. 1869 . Vorläufige Mittheilungen über die Fischfauna des Ononflusses und des Ingoda in Transbaikalien . Verhandlungen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien , 19 : 945 – 958 .
   Google Scholar
• Eckroat , L. E. 1974 . Interspecific comparisons of lens proteins of Esocidae . Copeia , 1974 : 977 – 978 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forey , P. L. 1977 . The osteology of Notelops Woodward, Rhacolepis Agassiz and Pachyrhizodus Dixon (Pisces: Teleostei). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) . Geology , 28 ( 2 ) : 123 – 204 .
   Google Scholar
• Fowler , J. A. 1970 . Control of vertebral number in teleosts. An embryological problem . The Quarterly Review of Biology , 45 : 148 – 167 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaudant , J. 1978 . Découverte du plus ancien représentant connu du genre Esox L. (Poisson Téléostéen, Esocoidei) dans le Stampien moyen du bassin d'Apt (Vaucluse) . Géologie Méditerranéenne , 5 : 257 – 268 .
   Google Scholar
• Gaudant , J. 1981 . Contribution de la paléoichthyologie continentale à la reconstitution des paléoenvironnements cénozoïques d'Europe occidentale: approche systématique, paléoécologique, paléogéographique et paléoclimatologique. Thèse de doctorat d'état, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6
   Google Scholar
• Gaudant , J. 1987 . Mise au point sur l'ichthyofaune pliocène de Willershausen-am-Harz (Allemagne). Comptes-Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, ser . II , 305 : 811 – 814 .
   Google Scholar
• Gaudant , J. 1988 . Mise au point sur l'ichthyofaune oligocène de Rott, Stösschen et Orsberg (Allemagne). Comptes-Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, ser . II , 306 : 831 – 834 .
   Google Scholar
• Gaudant , J. 1996 . Rectifications de nomenclature relatives à l'ichthyofaune oligo-miocène dulcaquicole de Bohême . Journal of the Czech Geological Society , 41 : 91 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Gaudant , J. 1997 . L'ichthyofaune pliocène de Willershausen am Harz (Basse Saxe, Allemagne)—un réexamen . Stuttgarten Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) , 257 : 1 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Geoffroy , St. H. E. L. 1767 . Descriptions, vertus et usages de 719 plantes et de 134 animaux… 5 volumes 1 – 472 . Paris
   Google Scholar
• Gmelin , J. F . 1788 . Caroli a Linné, systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 1 (Regnum animale). 13^th ed., aucta, reformata. Lipsiae. Part on fishes 1126 – 1516 .
   Google Scholar
• Grande , L. 1979 . Eohiodon falcatus, a new species of hiodontid (Pisces) from the late Early Eocene Green River Formation of Wyoming . Journal of Paleontology , 53 : 103 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grande , L. 1982a . A revision of the fossil genus Diplomystus with comments on the interrelationships of clupeomorph fishes . American Museum Novitates , 2728 : 1 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Grande , L. 1982b . A revision of the fossil genus Knightia, with a description of a new genus from the Green River Formation (Teleostei, Clupeidae) . American Museum Novitates , 2731 : 1 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Grande , L. 1984 . (second edition). Paleontology of the Green River Formation, with a review of the fish fauna. Geological Survey of Wyoming . Bulletin , 63 : 1 – 333 .
   Google Scholar
• Grande , L. 1985 . Recent and fossil clupeomorph fishes with materials for revision of the subgroups of clupeoids. Bulletin . American Museum of Natural History , 181 : 231 – 372 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grande , L. 1987 . Redescription of †Hypsidoris farsonensis (Teleostei: Siluriformes) with a reassessment of its phylogenetic relationships . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 7 : 24 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Grande , L. 1994 . Studies of paleoenvironments and historical biogeography in the Fossil Butte and Laney Members of the Green River Formation. Contributions to Geology . University of Wyoming , 30 : 15 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Grande , L. and Bemis , W. 1991 . Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of fossil and Recent paddlefishes (Polyodontidae) with comments on the interrelationships of Acipenseriformes. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11, supplement to no. 1 . Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir , 1 : 1 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Grande , L. and Bemis , W. 1996 . “ Interrelationships of Acipenseriformes, with comments on “Chondrostei”; ” . In Interrelationships of Fishes Edited by: Stiassny , M. , Parenti , L. and Johnson , G. D. 85 – 115 . San Diego, California : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Grande , L. and Bemis , W. 1998 . A comprehensive phylogenetic study of amiid fishes (Amiidae) based on comparative skeletal anatomy. An empirical search for interconnected patterns of natural history . Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir , 4 : 1 – 690 . supplement to Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18(1)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grande , L. and Bemis , W. “ Historical biogeography and historical paleoecology of Amiidae and other halecomorph fishes ” . In Mesozoic Fishes: Systematics and the Fossil Record Edited by: Arratia , G. and Schultze , H.-P . 413 – 424 . in press. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, Germany
   Google Scholar
• Grande , L. and Buchheim , H. P. 1994 . Paleontological and sedimentological variation in Early Eocene Fossil Lake . Contributions to Geology , 30 : 33 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Grande , L. , Eastman , J. T. and Cavender , T. M. 1982 . Amyzon gosiutensis, a new catostomid fish from the Green River Formation. Copeia (3) 523 – 532 .
   Google Scholar
• Grande , L. and Lundberg , J. G. L. 1988 . Revision and redescription of the genus †Astephus (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) with a discussion of its phylogenetic relationships . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 8 : 139 – 171 .
   Google Scholar
• Grande , L. and Micklich , N. 1993 . Paleobiogeography of the Eocene Messet and Geiseltal fish faunas . Kaupia , 3 : 245 – 255 . Darmstädter Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte
   Google Scholar
• Gruzdeva , M. A. and Vasil'eva. , E. D. 1988 . Divergence between northern pike Esox lucius and Amur pike Esox reichern, interpreted from cranialogical characters . Journal of Ichthyology , 28 : 74 – 85 . [This is an English translation of the same article published in Russian in Voprosy Ikhtiologii 1988:567–588.]
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , G. D. and Patterson , C. 1993 . Percomorph phylogeny: a survey and a new proposal . Bulletin of Marine Science , 52 : 554 – 626 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , G. D. and Patterson , C. 1996 . “ Relationships of lower euteleostean fishes; ” . In Interrelationships of Fishes Edited by: Stiassny , M. , Parenti , L. and Johnson , G. D. 251 – 332 . San Diego, California : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jollie , M. 1975 . Development of the head skeleton and pectoral girdle in Esox . Journal of Morphology , 147 : 61 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan , D. S. 1878 . Notes on fishes of Ohio. Second Report to Ohio Fish Commission John H. Klippart, Commissioner .
   Google Scholar
• Jordan , D. S. and Evermann , B. W. 1896 . The fishes of North and middle America, part 1. Bulletin of the United States National Museum (47) 1 – 1240 .
   Google Scholar
• Keilhack , K. 1883 . Ueber praeglaciale Süsswasserbildungen im Diluvium Norddeutschlands 133 – 172 . Berlin : Jahrbuch der Königlich-Preussischen geologischen Landesansalt und Bergakademie .
   Google Scholar
• Kirtland , J. P. 1841 . Descriptions of four new species of fishes . Boston Journal of Natural History , 3 ( 3 ) : 273 – 279 .
   Google Scholar
• Laube , G. C. 1901 . Synopsis der Wirbelthierfauna der Böhmischen Braunkohlenformation und Beschreibung neur, oder bisher unvollständig bekannter Arten . Abhandlungen des deutschen naturwissen-schaftlich-medicinischen Vereines für Böhmen “Lotos” Prag , 2 ( 4 ) : 1 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Lebeau , B. 1992 . Historical ecology of pike Esox lucius, muskellunge Esox masquinongy, and maskinonge a new species of Esox (sub-genus Mascalongus) from North America 246 Ph.D. dissertation, University of Toronto, Department of Zoology
   Google Scholar
• Lebedev , V. D. 1960 . Quaternary freshwater ichthyofauna of the European part of the USSR 402 Moscow : Moscow University Publishers . [Russian.]
   Google Scholar
• Lee , D. S. , Gilbert , C. R. , Hocutt , C. H. , Jenkins , R. E. , McAllister , D. E. and Stauffer , J. R. Jr. 1980 . Atlas of North American freshwater fishes. North Carolina Biological Survey, Publication #1980–12 854
   Google Scholar
• Leidenfrost , J. 1915 . Pleistocene fish remains from Hungarian caves. Barlangkutatas, Budapest (3) 100 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Leriche , M. 1951 . Les poissons Tertiaires de la Belgique (supplément). Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique . Mémoire no. , 118 : 473 – 600 .
   Google Scholar
• LeSueur , C. A. 1818 . Description of several new species of the genus Esox, of North America [E. estor, E. reticulatus, E. niger, E. phaleratus] . Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, n.s. , 1 : 413 – 417 .
   Google Scholar
• LeSueur , C. A. 1846 . “ [Description of †Esox americanus vermiculatus]; ” . In Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome dix-huitième. Suite du livre dix-huitème. Cyprinoïdes. Livre dix-neuvième Edited by: Cuvier , G. and Valenciennes , A. 553 Des Ésoces ou Lucioïdes .
   Google Scholar
• Linnaeus , C. 1758 . Systema Naturae, , 10th ed. 824
   Google Scholar
• Mantell , G. A. 1822 . The Fossils of the South Downs; or Illustrations of the Geology of Sussex. 4°, London 327
   Google Scholar
• von der Marck , W. 1863 . Fossile Fische, Krebse und Pflanzenaus dem Plattenkalk der jüngsten Kriede in Westphalen . Palaeontographica , 11 : 1 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , R. R. 1959 . “ Origin and affinities of the freshwater fish fauna of western North America; ” . In Zoogeography. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Publication 51 Edited by: Hubbs , C. L. 187 – 222 .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchel , S. L. 1824 . A lost? publication of the “Mirror”, cited on 222 of DeKay, J. E. 1842. Zoology of New York; or the New-York fauna; comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals hitherto observed within the state of New-York, with brief notices of those occasionally found near its borders. … Part iv. Fishes 1 – 415 . Natural History of New York .
   Google Scholar
• Nehring , A. 1880 . Uebersicht über vierundzwanzig mittel-europäische Quartär-Faunen. Zeitschrift der Deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft . Berlin , 32 : 468 – 509 .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , G. J. 1972 . Cephalic sensory canals, pitlines, and the classification of esocoid fishes, with notes on galaxiids and other teleosts . American Museum Novitates , 2492 : 1 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , G. J. 1973 . “ Relationships of clupeomorphs, with remarks on the structure of the lower jaw in fishes; ” . In Interrelationships of Fishes Edited by: Greenwood , P. H. , Miles , R. S. and Patterson , C. 333 – 349 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Newton , E. T . 1901 . British Pleistocene fishes . Geological magazine , 4 : 49 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Obrhelova , N. 1978 . Die gattung Umbra Walbaum (Pisces) im Nordböhmischen Tertiär Entwicklungsgeschichte der Esocoidei Berg im lichte der funktionalen analyse. Sborník Národního Muzea v Praze, Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, XXXIV B(2–4) 119 – 171 .
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , C. and Johnson , G. D. 1995 . The intermuscular bones and ligaments of teleostean fishes. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology (559) 1 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , C. and Rosen , D. E. 1977 . Review of ichthyodectiform and other Mesozoic teleost fishes and the theory and practice of classifying fossils . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 158 : 81 – 172 .
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , C. and Rosen , D. E. 1989 . “ The Paracanthopterygii revisited: order and disorder; ” . In Papers on the Systematics of Gadiform Fishes. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series No. 32 Edited by: Cohen , D. M. 5 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Pawlowska , K. 1963 . Ichthyofauna of interglacial schists (Masovien I) from Barkowice Mokre near Sulejow . Acta Palaeontologica Polonica , 8 ( 4 ) : 475 – 493 .
   Google Scholar
• Pehrson , T. 1944 . Development of latero-sensory canal bones in the skull of Esox lucius . Acta Zoologica , 25 : 135 – 157 .
   Google Scholar
• Richardson , J. 1836 . Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the zoology of the northern parts of British America, part third, The Fish 327 London : Richard Bentley .
   Google Scholar
• Rieppel , O. and Grande , L. 1994 . “ Summary and comments on systematic pattern and evolutionary process; ” . In Interpreting the Hierarchy of Nature: From Systematic Patterns to Evolutionary Process Theories Edited by: Grande , L. and Rieppel , O. 227 – 255 . San Diego, California : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rosen , D. E. 1973 . “ Interrelationships of higher euteleostean fishes; ” . In Interrelationships of Fishes Edited by: Greenwood , P. H. , Miles , R. S. and Patterson , C. 397 – 513 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rosen , D. E. 1974 . Phylogeny and zoogeography of salmoniform fishes and relationships of Lepidogalaxias salamandroides . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 153, art. , 2 : 265 – 326 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosen , D. E. and Patterson , C. 1969 . The structure and relationships of the paracanthopterygian fishes. American Museum of Natural History . Bulletin , 141 : 357 – 474 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , W. B. and Crossman , E. J. 1973 . Freshwater Fishes of Canada. Fisheries Resource Board of Canada Bulletin no. 184 966 Ottawa
   Google Scholar
• Shtyl'ko , B. A. 1928 . Fossil pike remains from the Akmolinsk province. Doklad Akademii Nauk Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik. Leningrad A(25):521–524
   Google Scholar
• Shtyl'ko , B. A. 1930 . Fossil pike remains from western Siberia . Trudymacr Geologicheskogo Muzeya Akademi Nauk SSSR , 7 : 153 – 157 .
   Google Scholar
• Shtyl'ko , B. A. 1934 . The Neogene freshwater fish fauna of western Siberia . Trud Vsesoyuznogo Geologo-Razvedochnogo Ob'edineniya , 359 : 1 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , C. L. 1954 . Pleistocene fishes of Berends Fauna of Beaver County, Oklahoma . Copeia , 1954 : 282 – 289 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , C. L. 1962 . Some Pliocene fishes from Kansas, Oklahoma, and Nebraska . Copeia , 1962 : 505 – 520 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , G. R. 1963 . A late Illinoian fish fauna from southwestern Kansas and its climatic significance . Copeia , 1963 : 378 – 385 .
   Google Scholar
• Starks , E. C. 1904 . The osteology of Dallia pectoralis . Zoologische Jahrbucher , 21 : 249 – 262 . F
   Google Scholar
• Sytchevskaya , E. K. 1974 . “ The genus Esox in the Tertiary deposits of the USSR and Mongolia ” . In In the symposium: “Fauna i biostratigr. mezoz. i kainoz. Mongola” 221 – 234 . Moscow, “Nauka”
   Google Scholar
• Sytchevskaya , E. K. 1976 . The fossil esocoid fishes of the USSR and Mongolia. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta . Akademiya Nauk SSSR , 156 : 1 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Sytchevskaya , E. K. 1986 . Palaeogene freshwater fish fauna of the USSR and Mongolia. Trans. Joint Sov.-Mongol. Paleont . Expedition , 29 : 1 – 157 . [Russian with English summary.]
   Google Scholar
• Sytchevskaya , E. K. 1989 . Neogene freshwater fish fauna of Mongolia. Trans. Joint Sov.-Mongol. Paleont . Expedition , 39 : 1 – 144 . [Russian.]
   Google Scholar
• Taverne , L. 1980 . Ostéologie et position systématique du genre Platinx (Pisces, Teleostei) de l'Eocène du Monte Bolca (Italie). Bulletin de l'Académie royale de Belgique (Classe des Sciences) 5^th series LXVI(11):873–889
   Google Scholar
• Troschel , F. G. 1854 . Ueber die fossilen Fische aus der Braunkohle des Siebengebirges. Verh. naturhist. Ver. Rheinlaude, XI:1–28
   Google Scholar
• Uyeno , T. 1963 . Late Pleistocene fishes of the Clear Creek and Ben Franklin local faunas of Texas . Journal of the Graduate Research Center Southern Methodist University , 31 ( 3 ) : 168 – 171 .
   Google Scholar
• Uyeno , T. and Miller , R. R. 1963 . Summary of late Cenozoic freshwater fish records for North America. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (631) 1 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Vangengeim , E. A. 1961 . Paleontological substantiation of the stratigraphy of Quaternary deposits of the northern part of eastern Siberia. Trudy GIN AN SSSR . Institute of Geology of the USSR Academy of Sciences , 48 : 1 – 182 .
   Google Scholar
• Volta , G. S. 1769–1809 . Ittiolitogia Veronese 1 – 323 . Verona, , Italy : Giullari .
   Google Scholar
• von Meyer , H. 1848 . The fossil fish from the Tertiary freshwater formations in Behomia . Neues Jahrbuch Geologie , 1848 : 424 – 433 .
   Google Scholar
• Weiler , W. 1923 . Some Quaternary fish remains . Notizblatt des Vereins für Erdkunde und der Hessischen geologischen. Landesanstadt , 5 : 202 – 203 .
   Google Scholar
• Weiler , W. 1965 . The fish fauna of the interglacial basin clay of Bilshausen near Göttingen . Neues Jahrbuch Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen , 123 ( 2 ) : 202 – 219 .
   Google Scholar
• Weinfurter , E. 1950 . Die oberpannonische Fischfauna vom Eichkogel bei Mödling . Sitzungsberichte Oesterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1 , 159 : 37 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , R. R. G. 1987 . The phylogenetic relationships of the salmoniform fishes based on the Suspensorium and its muscles 752 Ph.D. dissertation, University of Alberta, Edmonton
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , M. V. H. 1977 . Middle Eocene freshwater fishes from British Columbia. Life Science Contributions . Royal Ontario Museum , 113 : 1 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , M. V. H. 1980 . Oldest known Esox (Pisces: Esocidae), part of a new Paleocene teleost fauna from western Canada . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences , 17 : 307 – 312 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , M. V. H. 1981 . Eocene freshwater fishes from the Coalmont Formation, Colorado . Journal of Paleontology , 55 : 671 – 674 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , M. V. H. 1984 . Osteology of the Paleocene teleost Esox tiemani . Paleontology , 27 : 597 – 608 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , M. V.H. and Veilleux , P. 1982 . Comparative osteology and relationships of the Umbridae (Pisces: Salmoniformes) . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 76 : 321 – 353 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , M. V.H. and Williams , R. R. G. 1992 . “ Phylogenetic, biogeographic, sand ecological significance of early fossil records of North American freshwater teleostean fishes; ch. 6 ” . In Systematics, historical ecology, and North American freshwater fishes. Edited by: Mayden , R. L. 224 – 244 . Stanford, California : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , M. V. H. , Brinkman , D. B. and Neuman , A. G. 1992 . Cretaceous Esocoidei (Teleostei): early radiation of the pikes in North American fresh waters . Journal of Paleontology , 66 : 839 – 846 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkler , T. C. 1861 . Description de quelques nouvelles espèces de poissons fossiles des calcaires d'eau douce d'Oeningen. Natuurkundige verhandelingen van de Hollandsche Maatschappij der wetenschappen Haarlem (2)XIV(2) 64
   Google Scholar
• Woodward , A. S. 1901 . Catalogue of the fossil fishes in the British Museum Vol. 4 , 1 – 636 . Containing the actinopterygian Teleostomi of the suborders Isospondyli (in part), Ostariophysi, Apodes, Percesoces, Hemibranchii, Acanthopterygii and Anacanthini. London, Taylor and Francis
   Google Scholar
• Woodward , A. S. and Sherborn , C. D. 1890 . A catalogue of British fossil Vertebrata 1 – 396 . London
   Google Scholar