Humans were contemporaneous with late Pleistocene mammals in Florida: evidence from rare earth elemental analyses

LITERATURE CITED

• Barnosky , A. D. , Koch , P. L. , Feranec , R. S. , Wing , S. L. and Shabel , A. B. 2004 . Assessing the causes of late Pleistocene extinctions on the continents . Science , 306 : 70 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , C. J. , Lundelius , E. L. Jr. (co-chairmen) , Barnosky , A. D. , Graham , R. W. , Lindsay , E. H. , Ruez , D. R. Jr. , Semken , H. A. Jr. , Webb , S. D. and Zakrzewski , R. J. 2004 . “ The Blancan, Irvington, and Rancholabrean Mammal Ages ” . In Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Biostratigraphy and Geochronology , Edited by: Woodburne , M. O. 232 – 314 . Berkeley , California : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bermes , B. J. 1958 . Interim Report on Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Indian River County, Florida , 80 Florida Geological Survey, Information Circular 18 . pp
   Google Scholar
• Chamberlin , R. T. 1917 . Interpretations of the formations containing human remains at Vero, Florida . Journal of Geology , 25 : 25 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Dixon , E. J. 1999 . Bones Boats & Bison: Archeology and the First Colonization of Western North America , Albuquerque , New Mexico : University of New Mexico Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dasovich , S. J. and Doran , G. H. 2011 . The Florida Radiocarbon Database . The Florida Anthropologist , 64 : 53 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Grün , R. , Eggins , S. , Aubert , M. , Spooner , N. , Pike , A. W. G. and Müller , W. 2010 . ESR and U-series analyses of faunal material from Cuddie Springs, NSW, Australia: implications for the timing of extinction of the Australian megafauna . Quaternary Science Reviews , 29 : 596 – 610 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay , O. P. 1917 . “ Vertebrata mostly from stratum 3 at Vero, Florida, together with descriptions of new species ” . In Florida Geological Survey, Tallahassee, 9th Annual Report 43 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Hay , O. P. 1923 . The Pleistocene of North America and Its Vertebrated Animals from the States East of the Mississippi River and from the Canadian Provinces East of Longitude 95° , 499 D.C. : Carnegie Institute of Washington . Publication 322pp
   Google Scholar
• Haynes , G. 2002 . The Early Settlement of North America , Cambridge , , U.K : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Henderson , P. , Marlow , C. A. , Molleson , T. I. and Williams , C. T. 1983 . Patterns of chemical change during bone fossilization . Nature , 306 : 358 – 360 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrera , J. C. , Portell , R. and Means , G. H. 2006 . Echinoids of a middle to late Pleistocene deposit from the Central Atlantic Coast of Florida . Geological Society of America, Abstract with Programs , 38 ( 3 ) : 17
   Google Scholar
• Hrdlička , A. 1917 . Preliminary report on finds of supposedly ancient human remains in Vero, Florida . Journal of Geology , 25 : 43 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Hulbert , R. C. Jr. 2001 . The Fossil Vertebrates of Florida , 350 Gainesville , Florida : University Presses of Florida . pp
   Google Scholar
• Koenig , A. E. , Rogers , R. R. and Trueman , C. N. 2009 . Visualizing fossilization using laser ablation—inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry maps of trace elements in late Cretaceous bones . Geology , 37 : 511 – 514 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepper , B. T. and Bonnichsen , R. 2004 . New Perspectives on the First Americans , 232 College Station , Texas : Center for the Study of the First Americans, Texas A&M University . pp
   Google Scholar
• MacFadden , B. J. , DeSantis , L. R. G. , Labs Hochstein , J. and Kamenov , G. D. 2010 . Physical properties, geochemistry, and diagenesis of xenarthran teeth: prospects for interpreting the paleoecology of extinct species . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , 291 : 180 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacFadden , B. J. , Labs-Hochstein , J. , Hulbert , R. C. Jr. and Baskin , J. A. 2007 . Revised age of the late Neogene terror bird (Titanis) in North America during the Great American Interchange . Geology , 35 : 123 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLennan , S. M. 1989 . “ Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: influence of provenance and sedimentary processes ” . In Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements. Reviews in Mineralogy , Edited by: Lipin , B. R. and McKay , G. A. 169 – 200 . Washington , D.C : Mineralogical Society of America .
   Google Scholar
• Meltzer , D. J. 2009 . First Peoples in a New World: Colonizing Ice Age America , 480 Berkeley , California : University of California Press . pp
   Google Scholar
• Patrick , D. , Terry , D. O. Jr. and Grandstaff , D. E. 2001 . Rare earth element (REE) variation in fossil and modern bones: the influence of osteological materials and time . Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs , 33 ( 1 ) : 27
   Google Scholar
• Purdy , B. A. 2008 . Florida's People during the Last Ice Age , 138 Gainesville , Florida : University Press of Florida . pp
   Google Scholar
• Purdy , B. A. , Jones , K. S. , Mecholsky , J. J. , Bourne , G. , Hulbert , R. C. Jr. , MacFadden , B. J. , Church , K. L. , Warren , M. W. , Jorstad , T. F. , Stanford , D. J. , Wachowiak , M. J. and Speakman , R. J. 2011 . Earliest art in the Americas: incised image of a proboscidean on a mineralized extinct animal bone from the old Vero Beach, Florida . Journal of Archaeological Science , 38 : 2908 – 2913 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puri , H. S. and Vernon , R. O. 1964 . Summary of the Geology of Florida and a Guidebook to the Classic Exposures , 312 Tallahassee , Florida : Florida Geological Survey, Special Publication No. 5 . pp
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , R. G. and Brook , B. W. 2010 . And then there were none? . Science , 327 : 420 – 422 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouse , I. 1951 . A Survey of Indian River Archeology, Florida , 296 New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Publications in Anthropology, number 44 . pp + 8 plates
   Google Scholar
• Scott , T. M. 1993 . Geological map of Indian River County, Florida , 2 Tallahassee , Florida : Florida State Geological Survey . Open File Map Series 55pp
   Google Scholar
• Sellards , E. H. 1916 . “ Human remains and associated fossils from the Pleistocene of Florida ” . In Florida State Geological Survey, Eighth Annual Report 121 – 160 . Tallahassee , Florida
   Google Scholar
• Sellards , E. H. 1917 . On the association of human remains and extinct vertebrates at Vero, Florida . Journal of Geology , 25 : 4 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Stafford , T. W. Jr. , Hare , P. E. , Currie , L. , Jull , A. J. T. and Donahue , D. J. 1991 . Accelerator radiocarbon dating at the molecular level . Journal of Archaeological Science , 18 : 35 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , T. D. 1951 . Antiquity of man in America demonstrated by the fluorine test . Science , 113 : 391 – 392 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suarez , C. A. , Macpherson , G. L. , González , L. A. and Grandstaff , D. E. 2010 . Heterogeneous rare earth element (REE) patterns and concentrations in a fossil bone: implications for the use of REE in vertebrate taphonomy and fossilization history . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 74 : 2970 – 2988 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trueman , C. N. 1999 . Rare earth element geochemistry and taphonomy of terrestrial vertebrate assemblages . Palaios , 14 : 555 – 568 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trueman , C. N. and Benton , M. J. 1997 . A geochemical method to trace the taphonomic history of reworked bones in sedimentary settings . Geology , 25 : 263 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trueman , C. N. and Tuross , N. 2002 . “ Trace elements in recent and fossil bone apatite ” . In Phosphates—Geochemical, Geobiological and Materials Importance , Edited by: Kohn , M. J. , Rakovan , J. and Hughes , J. M. 489 – 522 . Mineralogical Society of America Reviews of Mineralogy and Geochemistry 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Trueman , C. N. G. , Field , J. H. , Dortch , J. , Charles , B. and Wroe , S. 2005 . Prolonged coexistence of humans and megafauna in Pleistocene Australia . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 23 : 8381 – 8385 .
   Google Scholar
• Trueman , C. N. G. , Behrensmeyer , A. K. , Tuross , N. and Weiner , S. 2004 . Mineralogical and compositional changes in bones exposed on soil surfaces in Amboseli National Park, Kenya: diagenetic mechanisms and the role of sediment pore fluids . Journal of Archaeological Science , 31 : 721 – 739 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tütken , T. and Herwartz , D. 2010 . “ Timescales of REE and element uptake into fossil bones—implications for paleoenvironmental and taphonomic reconstructions; paper no. 63-1 in Abstracts, Geological Society of America Annual Meeting ” . Denver , Colorado October 31 to November 3
   Google Scholar
• Tütken , T. , Vennemann , T. W. and Pfretzschner , H.-U. 2008 . Early diagenesis of bone and tooth apatite in fluvial and marine settings: constraints from combined oxygen isotope, nitrogen and REE analysis . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , 266 : 254 – 268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USGS (United States Geological Survey) . 2010 . “ Anastasia Formation. Mineral Resources On-line Spatial Data ” . Available at http://tin.er.usgs.gov/geology/state/sgmc-unit.php?unit=FLPSa%3B0. Accessed December 14, 2010
   Google Scholar
• Webb , S. D. and Dunbar , J. S. 2006 . “ Carbon dates ” . In First Floridians and Last Mastodons: The Page Ladson Site in the Aucilla River , Edited by: Webb , S. D. 83 – 101 . Dordrecht : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Weigel , R. D. 1962 . “ Fossil Vertebrates of Vero, Florida. Florida Geological Survey, Special Publication No. 10 ” . 59 Tallahassee , Florida pp
   Google Scholar
• Weiner , J. S. , Oakley , K. P. and LeGros Clark , W. E. 1953 . The solution of the Piltdown problem . Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology , 2 : 139 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , T. D. 1951 . Antiquity of Man in America demonstrated by the fluorine test . Science , 113 : 391 – 392 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar