Reinvestigation of the basicranium of Haldanodon exspectatus (Mammaliaformes, Docodonta)

LITERATURE CITED

• Allin , E. F. 1986 . “ The auditory apparatus of advanced mammal-like reptiles and early mammals ” . In The Ecology and Biology of Mammal-like Reptiles , Edited by: Hotton , N. III , MacLean , P. D. , Roth , J. J. and Roth , E. C. 283 – 294 . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• Allin , E. F. and Hopson , J. A. 1992 . “ Evolution of the auditory system in Synapsida (“mammal-like reptiles” and primitive mammals) as seen in the fossil record ” . In The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing , Edited by: Webster , D. B. , Fay , R. R. and Popper , A. N. 587 – 614 . New York : Springer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Averianov , A. O. , Lopatin , A. V. , Krasnolutskii , S. A. and Ivantsov , S. V. New docodontans from the Middle Jurassic of Siberia and reanalysis of Docodonta interrelationships . Proceedings of the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences , Vol. 314 , pp. 121 – 148 .
   Google Scholar
• Begall , S. and Burda , H. 2006 . Acoustic communication and burrow acoustics are reflected in the ear morphology of the Coruro (Spalacopus cyanus, Octodontidae), a social fossorial rodent . Journal of Morphology , 267 : 382 – 390 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonaparte , J. F. , Martinelli , A. and Schultz , C. L. 2005 . New information on Brasilodon and Brasilitherium (Cynodontia, Probainognathia) from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil . Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia , 8 : 25 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Butler , P. M. 1997 . An alternative hypothesis on the origin of docodont molar teeth . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 17 : 435 – 439 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chimento , N. R. , Agnolin , F. L. and Novas , F. E. The Patagonian fossil mammal Necrolestes: a Neogene survivor of Dryolestoidea Revista del Museo Argentino Ciencias Naturales 14
   Google Scholar
• Cox , C. B. 1962 . A natural cast of the inner ear of a dicynodont . American Museum Novitates , 2116 : 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Crompton , A. W. 1972 . “ Evolution of the jaw articulation in cynodonts; pp ” . In Studies in Vertebrate Evolution Edited by: Joysey , K. A. and Kemp , T. S. 231 – 253 . Oliver , Boyd, Edinburgh
   Google Scholar
• Crompton , A. W. and Luo , Z.-X. 1993 . “ Relationships of the Liassic mammals, Sinoconodon, Morganucodon oehleri, and Dinnetherium ” . In Mammal Phylogeny: Mesozoic Differentiation, Multituberculates, Monotremes, Early Therians, and Marsupials , Edited by: Szalay , F. S. , Novacek , M. J. and McKenna , M. C. 30 – 44 . New York : Springer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Crompton , A. W. and Sun , A.-L. 1985 . Cranial structure and relationships of the Liassic mammal Sinoconodon . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 85 : 99 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denker , A. 1901 . “ Zur Anatomie des Gehörorgans der Monotremata ” . In Zoologische Forschungsreisen in Australien und dem Malayischen Archipel III, 1. Teil. Denkschriften der medicinisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena , Edited by: Semon , R. 105 – 130 . Jena : Verlag Gustav Fischer .
   Google Scholar
• Ekdale , E. G. and Rowe , T. 2011 . Morphology and variation within the bony labyrinth of zhelestids (Mammalia, Eutheria) and other therian mammals . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 31 : 658 – 675 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischer , G. 1978 . Evolutionary principles of the mammalian middle ear . Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology , 55 : 1 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Fox , R. C. and Meng , J. 1997 . An X-radiographic and SEM study of the osseous inner ear of multituberculates and monotremes (Mammalia): impressions for mammalian phylogeny and evolution of hearing . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 121 : 249 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gingerich , P. D. 1973 . Molar occlusion and function in the Jurassic mammal Docodon . Journal of Mammalogy , 254 : 1008 – 1013 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graybeal , A. , Rosowski , J. J. , Ketten , D. R. and Crompton , A. W. 1989 . Inner-ear structure in Morganucodon, an early Jurassic mammal . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 96 : 107 – 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henkel , S. and Krusat , G. 1980 . Die Fossil-Lagerstätte in der Kohlengrube Guimarota (Portugal) und der erste Fund eines Docodontiden-Skeletts . Berliner geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen A , 20 : 209 – 216 .
   Google Scholar
• Hopson , J. A. and Barghusen , H. 1986 . “ An analysis of therapsid relationships ” . In The Ecology and Biology of Mammal-like Reptiles , Edited by: Hotton , N. III , MacLean , P. D. , Roth , J. J. and Roth , E. C. 83 – 106 . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hopson , J. A. and Kitching , J. W. 2001 . A probainognathian cynodont from South Africa and the phylogeny of nonmammalian cynodonts . Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology , 156 : 5 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Hu , Y.-M. , Meng , J. and Clark , J. M. 2007 . A new Late Jurassic docodont (Mammalia) from northeastern Xinjiang, China . Vertebrata PalAsiatica , 45 : 173 – 194 .
   Google Scholar
• Hu , Y. , Wang , Y. , Luo , Z.-X. and Li , C. 1997 . A new symmetrodont mammal from China and its implications for mammalian evolution . Nature , 390 : 137 – 142 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurum , J. H. 1998 . The inner ear of two Late Cretaceous multituberculate mammals, and its implications for multituberculate hearing . Journal of Mammalian Evolution , 5 : 65 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Ji , Q. , Luo , Z.-X. , Yuan , C.-X. and Tabrum , A. R. 2006 . A swimming mammaliaform from the Middle Jurassic and ecomorphological diversification of early mammals . Science , 311 : 1123 – 1127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kermack , K. A. 1963 . The cranial structure of the triconodonts . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , 246 : 83 – 103 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kermack , K. A. , Mussett , F. and Rigney , H. W. 1981 . The skull of Morganucodon . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 71 : 1 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kielan-Jaworowska , Z. , Cifelli , R. L. and Luo , Z.-X. 2004 . Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution, and Structure , 630 New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Krusat , G. 1980 . Contribução para o conhecimento da fauna do Kimeridgiano da mina de lignito Guimarota (Leiria, Portugal). IV Parte. Haldanodon exspectatus Kühne & Krusat 1972 (Mammalia, Docodonta) . Memórias dos Serviços Geológicos de Portugal , 27 : 1 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Krusat , G. 1991 . “ Functional morphology of Haldanodon exspectatus (Mammalia, Docodonta) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal ” . In Fifth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biota, extended abstracts. Contributions of the Palaeontological Museum , Vol. 364 , 37 – 38 . University of Oslo .
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn , H.-J. 1971 . Die Entwicklung und Morphologie des Schädels von Tachyglossus aculeatus . Abhandlungen der senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft , 528 : 1 – 224 .
   Google Scholar
• Kühne , W. G. and Krusat , G. 1972 . Legalisierung des Taxon Haldanodon (Mammalia, Docodonta) . Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte , 1972 : 300 – 302 .
   Google Scholar
• Ladevèze , S. , Asher , R. J. and Sánchez-Villagra , M. R. 2008 . Petrosal anatomy in the fossil mammal Necrolestes: evidence for metatherian affinities and comparisons with the extant marsupial mole . Journal of Anatomy , 213 : 686 – 697 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladevèze , S. , de Muizon , C. , Colbert , M. and Smith , T. 2010 . 3D computational imaging of the petrosal of a new multituberculate mammal from the Late Cretaceous of China and its paleobiologic inferences . Comptes Rendus Palevol , 9 : 319 – 330 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lillegraven , J. A. and Hahn , G. 1993 . Evolutionary analysis of the middle and inner ear of Late Jurassic multituberculates . Journal of Mammalian Evolution , 1 : 47 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Lillegraven , J. A. and Krusat , G. 1991 . Cranio-mandibular anatomy of Haldanodon exspectatus (Docodonta; Mammalia) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and its implications to the evolution of mammalian characters . Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming , 28 : 39 – 138 .
   Google Scholar
• Lucas , S. G. and Luo , Z.-X. 1993 . Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of west Texas: the oldest mammal . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 13 : 309 – 334 .
   Google Scholar
• Luo , Z.-X. 1994 . “ Sister taxon relationships of mammals and the transformations of the diagnostic mammalian characters ” . In In the Shadow of Dinosaurs—Early Mesozoic Tetrapods , Edited by: Fraser , N. C. and Sues , H.-D. 98 – 128 . Cambridge , , New York, U.K : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Luo , Z.-X. 2001 . The inner ear and its bony housing in tritylodontids and implications for evolution of the mammalian ear . Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology , 156 : 81 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Luo , Z.-X. 2007 . Transformation and diversification in early mammal evolution . Nature , 450 : 1011 – 1019 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo , Z.-X. and Crompton , A. W. 1994 . Transformations of the quadrate (incus) through the transition from non-mammalian cynodonts to mammals . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 14 : 341 – 374 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo , Z.-X. and Martin , T. 2007 . Analysis of molar structure and phylogeny of docodont genera . Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History , 39 : 27 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Luo , Z.-X. and Wible , J. R. 2005 . A Late Jurassic digging mammal and early mammalian diversification . Science , 308 : 103 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo , Z.-X. , Crompton , A. W. and Lucas , S. G. 1995 . Evolutionary origins of the mammalian promontorium and cochlea . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 15 : 113 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo , Z.-X. , Crompton , A. W. and Sun , A.-L. 2001 . A new mammaliaform from the Early Jurassic of China and evolution of mammalian characteristics . Science , 292 : 1535 – 1540 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo , Z.-X. , Kielan-Jaworowska , Z. and Cifelli , R. L. 2002 . In quest for a phylogeny of Mesozoic mammals . Acta Palaeontologica Polonica , 47 : 1 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo , Z.-X. , Ruf , I. and Martin , T. The petrosal and inner ear of the Late Jurassic cladotherian mammal Dryolestes leiriensis and implications for ear evolution in therian mammals . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 166 433–463 2012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo , Z.-X. , Chen , P.-J. , Li , G. and Chen , M. 2007 . A new eutriconodont mammal and evolutionary development of early mammals . Nature , 446 : 288 – 293 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo , Z.-X. , Ruf , I. , Schultz , J. A. and Martin , T. 2011 . Fossil evidence on evolution of inner ear cochlea in Jurassic mammals . Proceedings of the Royal Society B , 278 : 28 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacPhee , R. D. E. 1981 . Auditory regions of primates and eutherian insectivores: morphology, ontogeny and character analysis . Contributions to Primatology , 18 : 1 – 282 .
   Google Scholar
• Manoussaki , D. , Chadwick , R. S. , Ketten , D. R. , Arruda , J. , Dimitriadis , E. K. and O’Malley , J. T. The influence of cochlear shape on low-frequency hearing . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , Vol. 105 , pp. 6162 – 6166 .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , T. 2005 . Postcranial anatomy of Haldanodon exspectatus (Mammalia, Docodonta) from the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) of Portugal and its bearing for mammalian evolution . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 145 : 219 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , T. and Averianov , A. O. 2010 . Mammals from the Middle Jurassic Balabansai Formation of the Fergana Depression, Kyrgyzstan . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 30 : 855 – 871 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , T. and Novotny , M. 2000 . “ The docodont Haldanodon from the Guimarota mine ” . In Guimarota—A Jurassic Ecosystem , Edited by: Martin , T. and Krebs , B. 91 – 96 . München : Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , T. , Averianov , A. O. and Pfretzschner , H.-U. 2010 . Mammals from the Late Jurassic Qigu Formation in the southern Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, Northwest China . Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments , 90 : 295 – 319 .
   Google Scholar
• Mason , M. J. 2006 . Evolution of the middle ear apparatus in talpid moles . Journal of Morphology , 267 : 678 – 695 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McVean , A. 1999 . Are the semicircular canals of the European mole, Talpa europaea adapted to a subterranean habitat? . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A , 123 : 173 – 178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng , J. and Fox , R. C. 1995 . Osseous inner ear structures and hearing in early marsupials and placentals . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 115 : 47 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novacek , M. J. 1986 . The skull of leptictid insectivorans and the higher-level classification of eutherian mammals . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 183 : 1 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novacek , M. J. and Wyss , A. 1986 . “ Origin and transformation of the mammalian stapes ” . In Contributions to Geology , Vol. 3 , 35 – 53 . University of Wyoming . Special Paper
   Google Scholar
• Pfretzschner , H.-U. , Martin , T. , Maisch , M. W. , Matzke , A. T. and Sun , G. 2005 . A new docodont from the Late Jurassic of the Junggar Basin of northwest China . Acta Palaeontologica Polonica , 50 : 799 – 808 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosowski , J. J. and Graybeal , A. 1991 . What did Morganucodon hear? . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 101 : 131 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rougier , G. W. and Wible , J. R. 2006 . “ Major changes in the mammalian ear region and basicranium ” . In Amniote Paleobiology: Perspectives on the Evolution of Mammals, Birds, and Reptiles , Edited by: Carrano , M. T. , Gaudin , T. J. , Blob , R. W. and Wible , J. R. 269 – 311 . Chicago , Illinois : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rougier , G. W. , Wible , J. R. and Hopson , J. A. 1992 . Reconstruction of the cranial vessels in the Early Cretaceous mammal Vincelestes neuquenianus: implications for the evolution of the mammalian cranial vascular system . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 12 : 188 – 216 .
   Google Scholar
• Rougier , G. W. , Wible , J. R. and Hopson , J. A. 1996 . Basicranial anatomy of Priacodon fruitaensis (Triconodontidae, Mammalia) from the Late Jurassic of Colorado, and a reappraisal of mammaliaform interrelationships . American Museum Novitates , 3183 : 1 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Rougier , G. W. , Martinelli , A. G. , Forasiepi , A. M. and Novacek , M. J. 2007 . New Jurassic mammals from Patagonia, Argentina: a reappraisal of australosphenidan morphology and interrelationship . American Museum Novitates , 3566 : 1 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rougier , G. W. , Wible , J. R. , Beck , R. M. and Apesteguía , S. 2012 . “ The Miocene mammal Necrolestes demonstrates the survival of a Mesozoic nontherian lineage into the late Cenozoic of South America ” . In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 109 , 20053 – 20058 .
   Google Scholar
• Rowe , T. 1988 . Definition, diagnosis, and origin of Mammalia . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 8 : 241 – 264 .
   Google Scholar
• Ruf , I. , Luo , Z.-X. , Wible , J. R. and Martin , T. 2009 . Petrosal anatomy and inner ear structures of the Late Jurassic Henkelotherium (Mammalia, Cladotheria, Dryolestoidea): insight into the early evolution of the ear region in cladotherian mammals . Journal of Anatomy , 214 : 679 – 693 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Villagra , M. R. and Nummela , S. 2001 . Bullate stapes in some phalangeriform marsupials . Mammalian Biology , 66 : 174 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Villagra , M. R. and Schmelzle , T. 2007 . Anatomy and development of the bony inner ear in the woolly opossum, Caluromys philander (Didelphimorphia, Marsupialia) . Mastozoologia Neotropical , 14 : 53 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Schaller , O. 2007 . Illustrated Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature , 614 Stuttgart : Enke Verlag . ed.
   Google Scholar
• Schmelzle , T. , Nummela , S. and Sánchez-Villagra , M. R. 2005 . Phylogenetic transformations of the ear ossicles in marsupial mammals, with special reference to diprotodontians: a character analysis . Annals of Carnegie Museum , 74 : 189 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmelzle , T. , Sánchez-Villagra , M. R. and Maier , W. 2007 . Vestibular labyrinth diversity in diprotodontian marsupial mammals . Mammal Study , 32 : 83 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Spoor , F. , Garland , T. Jr. , Krovitz , G. , Ryan , T. M. , Silcox , M. T. and Walker , A. 2007 . The primate semicircular canal system and locomotion . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 104 : 10808 – 10812 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigogneau-Russell , D. 2003 . Docodonts from the British Mesozoic . Acta Palaeontologica Polonica , 48 : 357 – 374 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Standring , S. , Borley , N. R. , Collins , P. , Crossman , A. R. , Gatzoulis , M. A. , Healy , J. C. , Johnson , D. , Mahadevan , V. , Newell , R. L. M. and Wigley , C. B. 2008 . Gray's Anatomy—The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, 40th edition , 1551 London, Amsterdam : Churchill-Livingston, Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Sues , H.-D. 1986 . “ The skull and dentition of two tritylodontid synapsids from the Lower Jurassic of Western North America ” . In Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology Vol. 151 , 217 – 268 .
   Google Scholar
• Webster , D. B. and Webster , M. 1980 . Morphological adaptations of the ear in the rodent family Heteromyidae . American Zoologist , 20 : 247 – 254 .
   Google Scholar
• Wible , J. R. 1984 . The ontogeny and phylogeny of the mammalian cranial arterial pattern , 705 Durham , North Carolina : Duke University . Ph.D. dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Wible , J. R. 1987 . The eutherian stapedial artery: character analysis and implications for superordinal relationships . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 91 : 107 – 135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wible , J. R. 1990 . Petrosals of Late Cretaceous marsupials from North America, and a cladistic analysis of the petrosal in therian mammals . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 10 : 183 – 205 .
   Google Scholar
• Wible , J. R. 2003 . On the cranial osteology of the short-tailed opossum Monodelphis brevicaudata (Didelphidae, Marsupialia) . Annals of Carnegie Museum , 72 : 137 – 202 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wible , J. R. 2008 . On the cranial osteology of the Hispaniolan Solenodon, Solenodon paradoxus Brandt, 1833 (Mammalia, Lipotyphla, Solenodontidea) . Annals of Carnegie Museum , 77 : 321 – 402 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wible , J. R. and Gaudin , T. J. 2004 . On the cranial osteology of the yellow armadillo Euphractes sexcinctus (Dasypodidae, Xenarthra, Placentalia) . Annals of Carnegie Museum , 73 : 117 – 196 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wible , J. R. and Hopson , J. A. 1993 . “ Basicranial evidence for early mammal phylogeny ” . In Mammal Phylogeny—Mesozoic Differentiation, Multituberculates, Monotremes, Early Therians, and Marsupials , Edited by: Szalay , F. S. , Novacek , M. J. and McKenna , M. C. 45 – 62 . New York : Springer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Wible , J. R. and Hopson , J. A. 1995 . Homologies of the prootic canal in mammals and non-mammalian cynodonts . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 15 : 331 – 356 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wible , J. R. and Rougier , G. W. 2000 . Cranial anatomy of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi (Multituberculata, Mammalia) from the Mongolian Late Cretaceous, and its bearing on the evolution of mammalian characters . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 247 : 1 – 124 .
   Google Scholar
• Wible , J. R. , Rougier , G. W. , McKenna , M. C. and Novacek , M. J. 2001 . Earliest eutherian ear region: a petrosal referred to Prokennalestes from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia . American Museum Novitates , 3322 : 1 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Wible , J. R. , Rougier , G. W. , Novacek , M. J. and Asher , R. J. 2009 . The eutherian mammal Maelestes gobiensis from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and the phylogeny of Cretaceous Eutheria . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 327 : 1 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeller , U. 1989 . Die Entwicklung und Morphologie des Schädels von Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Mammalia: Prototheria: Monotremata) . Abhandlungen der senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft , 545 : 1 – 188 .
   Google Scholar