A three-dimensional morphometric analysis of the locomotory ecology of Deccanolestes, a eutherian mammal from the Late Cretaceous of India

LITERATURE CITED

• Archibald , J. , Zhang , Y. , Harper , T. and Cifelli , R. L. 2011 . Protungulatum, confirmed Cretaceous occurrence of an otherwise Paleocene eutherian (placental?) mammal . Journal of Mammalian Evolution , 18 : 153 – 161 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baylac , M. 2012 . Rmorph: a R geometric and multivariate morphometrics library . Available from the author at [email protected]
   Google Scholar
• Bininda-Emonds , O. R. P. , Cardillo , M. , Jones , K. E. , MacPhee , R. D. E. , Beck , R. M. D. , Grenyer , R. , Price , S. A. , Vos , A. , Gittleman , J. L. and Purvis , A. 2008 . Corrigendum: The delayed rise of present-day mammals . Nature , 456 : 274
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blomberg , S. P. , Garland , T. Jr. and Ives , A. R. 2003 . Testing for phylogenetic signal in comparative data: behavioural traits are more labile . Evolution , 57 : 717 – 745 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bock , W. J. and von Wahlert , G. 1965 . Adaptation and the form-function complex . Evolution , 19 : 269 – 299 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer , D. M. and Bloch , J. I. 2008 . “ Evaluating the Mitten-Gliding hypothesis for Paromomyidae and Micromomyidae (Mammalia, “Plesiadapiformes”) using comparative functional morphology of new Paleogene skeletons ” . In Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology: A Tribute to Frederick S. Szalay , Edited by: Sargis , E. J. and Dagosto , M. 233 – 284 . Dordrecht , , The Netherlands : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Boyer , D. M. , Seiffert , E. R. and Simons , E. L. 2010a . Astragalar morphology of Afradapis, a large adapiform primate from the earliest late Eocene of Egypt . American Journal of Physical Anthropology , 143 : 383 – 402 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer , D. M. , Prasad , G. V. R. , Krause , D. W. , Godinot , M. , Goswami , A. , Verma , O. and Flynn , J. J. 2010b . New postcrania of Deccanolestes from the Late Cretaceous of India and their bearing on the evolutionary and biogeographic history of euarchontan mammals . Naturwissenschaften , 97 : 365 – 377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrano , M. T. 1997 . Morphological indicators of foot posture in mammals: a statistical and biomechanical analysis . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 121 : 77 – 104 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bast , E. , Sigé , B. and Smith , T. 2012 . Diversity of the adapisoriculid mammals from the early Palaeocene of Hainin, Belgium . Acta Palaeontologica Polonica , 57 : 35 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felsenstein , J. 1985 . Phylogenies and the comparative method . The American Naturalist , 125 : 1 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland , T. , Dickerman , A. W. , Janis , C. M. and Jones , J. A. 1993 . Phylogenetic analysis of covariance by computer simulation . Systematic Biology , 42 : 265 – 292 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebo , D. L. 1989 . Locomotor and phylogenetic considerations in anthropoid evolution . Journal of Human Evolution , 18 : 201 – 233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godinot , M. and Dagosto , M. 1983 . The astragalus of Necrolemur (Primates, Microchoerinae) . Journal of Paleontology , 57 : 1321 – 1324 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godinot , M. and Prasad , G. V. R. 1994 . Discovery of Cretaceous arboreal eutherians . Naturwissenschaften , 81 : 79 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goswami , A. , Prasad , G. V. R. , Upchurch , P. , Boyer , D. M. , Seiffert , E. R. , Verma , O. , Gheerbrant , E. and Flynn , J. J. 2011 . A radiation of arboreal basal eutherian mammals beginning in the Late Cretaceous of India . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 108 : 16333 – 16338 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunz , P. , Mitteroecker , P. and Bookstein , F. L. 2005 . “ Semilandmarks in three dimensions ” . In Modern Morphometrics in Physical Anthropology , Edited by: Slice , D. E. 73 – 98 . New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Harmon , L. J. , Weir , J. T. , Brock , C. D. , Glor , R. E. and Challenger , W. 2008 . GEIGER: investigating evolutionary radiations . Bioinformatics , 24 : 129 – 131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey , P. H. and Pagel , M. D. , eds. 1991 . The Comparative Method in Evolutionary Biology , 248 Oxford , , U.K. : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hooker , J. J. 2001 . Tarsals of the extinct insectivoran family Nyctitheriidae (Mammalia): evidence for archontan relationships . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 132 : 501 – 529 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins , F. A. and McClearn , D. 1984 . Mechanisms of hind foot reversal in climbing mammals . Journal of Morphology , 182 : 197 – 219 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kembel , S. W. , Cowan , P. D. , Helmus , M. R. , Cornwell , W. K. , Morlon , H. , Ackerly , D. D. , Blomberg , S. P. and Webb , C. O. 2010 . Picante: R tools for integrating phylogenies and ecology . Bioinformatics , 26 : 1463 – 1464 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kindt , R. 2012 . “ Package “BiodiversityR” . Available at http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/BiodiversityR/index.html. Accessed November 20, 2013
   Google Scholar
• Langdon , J. H. 1986 . Functional morphology of the Miocene hominoid foot . Contributions to Primatology , 22 : 1 – 225 .
   Google Scholar
• Losos , J. B. , ed. 2009 . Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree: Ecology and Adaptive Radiation of Anoles , 528 Berkeley , California : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mattingly , W. B. and Jayne , B. C. 2004 . Resource use in arboreal habitats: structure affects locomotion of four ecomorphs of Anolis lizards . Ecology , 85 : 1111 – 1124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oxnard , C. E. , Crompton , R. H. and Lieberman , S. S. , eds. 1990 . Animal Lifestyles and Anatomies. The Case of the Prosimian Primates , 184 Seattle (Washington) and London : University of Washington Press .
   Google Scholar
• Paradis , E. , Bolker , B. , Claude , J. , Cuong , H. S. , Desper , R. , Durand , B. , Dutheil , J. , Gascuel , O. , Heibl , C. , Lawson , D. , Lefort , V. , Legendre , P. , Lemon , J. , Noel , Y. , Nylander , J. , Opgen-Rhein , R. , Popescu , A.-A. , Schliep , K. , Strimmer , K. and de Vienne , D. 2012 . ape: analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in R language . Bioinformatics , 20 : 289 – 290 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrard , A. 2012 . “ Systematics and geometric morphometrics: evolution of the wing shape within the genus Vespa (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) ” . 210 Paris , , France : Ph.D. dissertation, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle .
   Google Scholar
• Polly , P. D. 2008 . “ Adaptive zones and the pinniped ankle: a 3D quantitative analysis of carnivoran tarsal evolution ” . In Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology: A Tribute to Frederick S. Szalay , Edited by: Sargis , E. and Dagosto , M. 165 – 194 . Dordrecht , , The Netherlands : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Prasad , G. V. R. and Godinot , M. 1994 . Eutherian tarsal bones from the Late Cretaceous of India . Journal of Paleontology , 68 : 892 – 902 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad , G. V. R. and Sahni , A. 1988 . First Cretaceous mammal from India . Nature , 332 : 638 – 640 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad , G. V. R. , Verma , O. , Gheerbrant , E. , Goswami , A. , Parmar , V. , Khosla , A. and Sahni , A. 2010 . First mammal evidence from the Late Cretaceous of India for biotica dispersal between India and Africa at the K/T transition . Comptes Rendus Palevol , 9 : 63 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team . 2011 . “ R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing ” . Vienna : R Foundation for Statistical Computing . ISBN 3-900051-07-0. Available at: http://www.R-project.org
   Google Scholar
• Rohlf , F. J. and Slice , D. 1990 . Extensions of the procrustes method for the optimal superimposition of landmarks . Systematic Zoology , 39 : 40 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Salton , J. A and Sargis , E. J. 2009 . Evolutionary morphology of the Tenrecoidea (Mammalia) hindlimb skeleton . Journal of Morphology , 270 : 367 – 387 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salton , J. A. and Szalay , F. S. 2004 . The tarsal complex of Afro-Malagasy Tenrecoidea: a search for phylogenetically meaningful characters . Journal of Mammalian Evolution , 11 : 73 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Seiffert , E. R. 2010 . The oldest and youngest records of afrosoricid placentals from the Fayum depression of Northern Egypt . Acta Palaeontologica Polonica , 55 : 599 – 616 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seiffert , E. R. and Simons , E. L. 2001 . Astragalar morphology of late Eocene anthropoids from the Fayum depression (Egypt) and the origin of catarrhine primates . Journal of Human Evolution , 41 : 577 – 422 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , T. , De Bast , E. and Sigé , B. 2010 . Euarchontan affinity of Paleocene Afro-European adapisoriculid mammals and their origin in the late Cretaceous Deccan Traps of India . Naturwissenschaften , 97 : 417 – 422 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storch , G. 2008 . Skeletal remains of a diminutive primate from the Paleocene of Germany . Naturwissenschaften , 95 : 927 – 930 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szalay , F. S. 1977 . “ Phylogenetic relationships and a classification of the eutherian Mammalia ” . In Major Patterns in Vertebrate Evolution , Edited by: Hecht , M. K. , Goody , P. C. and Hecht , B. M. 315 – 374 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Szalay , F. S. 1981a . Functional analysis and the practice of the phylogenetic method as reflected by some mammalian studies . American Zoologist , 21 : 37 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Szalay , F. S. 1981b . Phylogeny and the problem of adaptive significance: the case of the earliest primates . Folia Primatologica , 36 : 157 – 182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szalay , F. S. 1984 . “ Arboreality: is it homologous in metatherian and eutherian mammals? ” . In Evolutionary Biology, Volume 18 , Edited by: Hecht , M. K. , Wallace , B. and Prance , G. T. 215 – 258 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Szalay , F. S. 2000 . “ Function and adaptation in paleontology and phylogenetics: why do we omit Darwin? Palaeontologia Electronica ” . 3(2): 1–25. Available at http://palaeo-electronica.org/2000_2/darwin/issue2_00.htm. Accessed November 15, 2000
   Google Scholar
• Szalay , F. S. , ed. 2006 . Evolutionary History of the Marsupials and an Analysis of Osteological Characters , 495 Cambridge , , U.K. : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Szalay , F. S. and Bock , W. J. 1991 . Evolutionary theory and systematics: relationships between process and patterns . Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung , 29 : 1 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Szalay , F. S. and Decker , D. M. 1974 . “ Origins, evolution and function of the tarsus in late Cretaceous eutherians and Paleocene primates ” . In Primate Locomotion , Edited by: Jenkins , F. A. Jr. 233 – 259 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Szalay , F. S. and Langdon , J. H. 1986 . The foot of Oreopithecus: an evolutionary assessment . Journal of Human Evolution , 15 : 585 – 621 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szalay , F. S. and Sargis , E. J. 2006 . Cretaceous therian tarsals and the metatherian-eutherian dichotomy . Journal of Mammalian Evolution , 13 : 171 – 210 .
   Google Scholar
• Thewissen , J. G. and Madar , S. I. 1999 . Ankle morphology of the earliest cetaceans and its implications for the phylogenetic relations among ungulates . Systematic Biology , 48 : 21 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wible , J. R. , Rougier , G. W. , Novacek , M. J. and Asher , R. J. 2007 . Cretaceous eutherians and Laurasian origin for placental mammals near the K/T boundary . Nature , 447 : 1003 – 1006 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiley , D. F. , Amenta , N. , Alcantara , D. A. , Ghosh , D. , Kil , Y. J. , Delson , E. , Harcourt-Smith , W. , Rohlf , F. J. , St John , K. and Hamann , B. 2005 . “ Evolutionary morphing ” . In Proceedings of IEEE Visualization 2005 (VIS’05), 23–28 October 2005 431 – 438 .
   Google Scholar
• Youlatos , D. 2003 . Calcaneal features of the Greek Miocene primate Mesopithecus pentelicus (Cercopithecoidea: Colobinae) . Geobios , 36 : 229 – 239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youlatos , D. and Koufos , G. D. 2010 . Locomotor evolution of Mesopithecus (Primates: Colobinae) from Greece: evidence from selected astragalar characters . Primates , 51 : 23 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar