A skull of the immigrant Eurasian beardog Cynelos (Carnivora, Amphicyonidae) from the early Miocene of southern California

LITERATURE CITED

• Argot, C. 2010. Morphofunctional analysis of the postcranium of Amphicyon major (Mammalia, Carnivora, Amphicyonidae) from the Miocene of Sansan (Gers, France) compared to three extant carnivores. Geodiversitas 32(1):65–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaumont, G. de. 1962. Observations sur l’ostéologie crânienne et la position systématique des petits “Amphicyon” de l’oligocène européen. Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles no. 307 (Lausanne, Suisse) 68(2):81–92.
   Google Scholar
• Bergounioux, F. M., and F. C. Crouzel. 1973. Amphicyon major Blainville du Miocène moyen de Sansan (Gers). Annales de Paléontologie (Vertébrés) 59(1):27–76.
   Google Scholar
• Bonis, L. de. 1973. Contribution a l’étude des mammifères de l’Aquitanien de l’Agenais. Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (Série C) 28:1–192.
   Google Scholar
• Bowdich, T. E. 1821. An Analysis of the Natural Classifications of Mammalia for the Use of Students and Travellers. J. Smith, Paris, 115 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Bruijn, H. de, R. Daams, G. Daxner-Höck, V. Fahlbusch, L. Ginsburg, P. Mein, and J. Morales. 1992. Report of the RCMNS working group on fossil mammals, Reisensburg, 1990. Newsletters on Stratigraphy 26:65–118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehm, R. 1950. Die Raubtiere aus dem Mittel-Miocän (Burdigalium) von Wintershof-West bei Eichstätt in Bayern. Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse) 58:1–141.
   Google Scholar
• Filhol, H. 1879. Étude des mammifères fossiles de Saint-Gérand-le-Puy (Allier). Annales des science géologiques 10(3):1–252.
   Google Scholar
• Filhol, H. 1883. Notes sur quelques Mammifères de l’epoque Miocène. Observations relatives à divers Mammifères fossiles provenant de Saint-Gérand-le-Puy (Allier). Archives du Muséum d’Histoire naturelle de Lyon 3:1–42.
   Google Scholar
• Flower, W. H. 1869. On the value of the characters of the base of the cranium in the classification of the Order Carnivora, and on the systematic position of Bassaris and other disputed forms. Proceedings of the Zoological Society (London) 1869:4–37.
   Google Scholar
• Flynn, L. J., and W. Wessels. 2013. Paleobiogeography and south Asian small mammals: Neogene latitudinal faunal variation; pp. 445–460 in X.-m. Wang, L. J. Flynn, and M. Fortelius (eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia, Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Gervais, P. 1872. Forme cérébrale du Cephalogale geoffroyi. Journal de Zoologie 1:131–133.
   Google Scholar
• Ginsburg, L. 1965. L’ “Amphicyon” ambiguus des Phosphorites du Quercy. Bulletin Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, 2^e sér. 37(4):724–730.
   Google Scholar
• Ginsburg, L. 1966. Les amphicyons des Phosphorites du Quercy. Annales de Paléontologie (Vertébrés) 52(1):23–64.
   Google Scholar
• Ginsburg, L. 1977. Cynelos lemanensis (Pomel), carnivore ursidé de l’Aquitanien d’Europe. Annales de Paléontologie (Vertébrés) 63(1):57–104.
   Google Scholar
• Ginsburg, L. 1980. Hyainailouros sulzeri, mammifère créodonte du Miocène d’Europe. Annales de Paléontologie (Vertébrés) 66(1):19–73.
   Google Scholar
• Ginsburg, L. 1989. Les mammifères des sables du Miocène inférieur des Beilleaux à Savigné-sur-Lathan (Indre-et-Loire). Bulletin Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4^e sér. 11(2):101–121.
   Google Scholar
• Ginsburg, L. 1992. Les genres Pseudarctos et Ictiocyon, Amphicyonidae (Carnivora, Mammalia) du Miocène européen. Bulletin Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4^e sér. 14(3–4):301–317.
   Google Scholar
• Ginsburg, L. 1999. Order Carnivora; pp. 109–148 in G. Rössner and K. Heissig (eds.), The Miocene Land Mammals of Europe. Friedrich Pfeil Verlag, Munich.
   Google Scholar
• Ginsburg, L. 2000. Chronologie des dépôts miocènes du Blésois à la Bretagne. Symbioses, n. sèr. 2:3–16.
   Google Scholar
• Ginsburg, L., and M. Bonneau. 1995. La succession des faunes de mammifères miocènes de Pontigné (Maine-et-Loire, France). Bulletin Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4^e sér. 16(2–4):313–328.
   Google Scholar
• Ginsburg, L., and M. Hugueney. 1980. La faune de mammifères du Miocène inférieur de Selles-sur-Cher (Loir-et-Cher). Bulletin Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4^e sér. 2(3):271–276.
   Google Scholar
• Ginsburg, L., J. Huin, and J.-P. Locher. 1981. Les carnivores du Miocène inférieur des Beilleaux à Savigné-sur-Lathan (Indre-et-Loire). Bulletin Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4^e sér. 3(2):183–194.
   Google Scholar
• Ginsburg, L., F. de Broin, F. Crouzel, F. Duranthon, F. Escuillié, F. Juillard, and S. Lassaube. 1991. Les vertébrés du Miocène inférieur de Barbotan-Les-Thermes (Gers). Annales de Paléontologie 77(3):1–56.
   Google Scholar
• Haeckel, E. 1866. Generelle Morphologie der Organismen, Volume 2. Georg Reimer, Berlin, 462 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt, R. M., Jr. 1972. Miocene amphicyonids (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Agate Spring Quarries, Sioux County, Nebraska. American Museum Novitates 2506:1–39.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt, R. M., Jr. 1974. The auditory bulla in Carnivora: an anatomical basis for reappraisal of carnivore evolution. Journal of Morphology 143:21–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, R. M., Jr. 1977. Basicranial anatomy of Cynelos Jourdan (Mammalia: Carnivora), an Aquitanian amphicyonid from the Allier Basin, France. Journal of Paleontology 51:826–843.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, R. M., Jr. 1998. Amphicyonidae; pp. 196–227 in C. Janis, K. Scott, and L. Jacobs (eds.), Tertiary Mammals of North America. Cambridge University Press, London.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt, R. M., Jr. 2003. Intercontinental migration of large mammalian carnivores: earliest occurrence of the Old World beardog Amphicyon (Carnivora, Amphicyonidae) in North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 279:77–115.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt, R. M., Jr. 2011. Evolution of large carnivores during the mid-Cenozoic of North America: the temnocyonine radiation. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 358:1–153.
   Google Scholar
• Jourdan, M. 1862. La description de restes fossils de grands Mammifères. Part 2. Les terrains sidérolithiques. Revue des Société Savantes, publiée sous les auspices du Ministère de l’Instruction Publique et des Cultes 1:126–130.
   Google Scholar
• Kuss, S. 1965. Revision der europäischen Amphicyoninae (Canidae, Carnivora, Mammalia). Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften 1:1–168.
   Google Scholar
• Lander, E. B. 2003. Eastern Transportation Corridor Paleontologic Resource Impact Mitigation Program Final Technical Report of Results and Findings. Paleo Environmental Associates, Inc., project nos. 94-23 and 99-11. Prepared for Orange County Foothill/Eastern Transportation Corridor Agency and Raytheon Infrastructure Services Inc. Paleo Environmental Associates, Inc., Altadena, California.
   Google Scholar
• Legendre, S., and B. Bachelet. 1993. The numerical ages: a new method of datation applied to Paleogene mammalian localities from southern France. Newsletters on Stratigraphy 29:137–158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Made, J. van der. 1999. Intercontinental relationship Europe-Africa and the Indian subcontinent; pp. 457–472 in G. E. Rössner and K. Heissig (eds.), The Miocene Land Mammals of Europe. Friedrich Pfeil Verlag, Munich.
   Google Scholar
• Mein, P. 1999. European Miocene Mammal Biochronology; pp. 25–38 in G. Rössner and K. Heissig (eds.), The Miocene Land Mammals of Europe. Friedrich Pfeil Verlag, Munich.
   Google Scholar
• Morales, J., M. Pickford, and D. Soria. 2007. New carnivoran material (Creodonta, Carnivora and Incertae sedis) from the early Miocene of Napak, Uganda. Paleontological Research 11:71–84.
   Google Scholar
• Morales, J., M. Pickford, M. Salesa, and D. Soria. 2000. The systematic status of Kelba, Savage, 1965, Kenyalutra, Schmidt-Kittler, 1987 and Ndamathaia, Jacobs et al., 1987, (Viverridae, Mammalia) and a review of early Miocene mongoose-like carnivores of Africa. Annales de Paléontologie (Vertébrés) 86:243–251.
   Google Scholar
• Morlo, M., E. R. Miller, and A. N. El-Barkooky. 2007. Creodonta and Carnivora from Wadi Moghra, Egypt. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27:145–159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peigné, S., and E. P. J. Heizmann. 2003. The Amphicyonidae (Mammalia: Carnivora) from Ulm-Westtangente (MN2, Early Miocene), Baden-Württemberg, Germany—systematics and ecomorphology. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Ser. B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 343:1–133.
   Google Scholar
• Peigné, S., M. J. Salesa, M. Anton, and J. Morales. 2008. A new amphicyonine (Carnivora: Amphicyonidae) from the upper Miocene of Batallones-1, Madrid, Spain. Paleontology 51:943–965.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peigné, S., Y. Chaimanee, C. Yamee, P. Tian, and J.-J. Jaeger. 2006. A new amphicyonid (Mammalia, Carnivora, Amphicyonidae) from the late middle Miocene of northern Thailand and a review of the amphicyonine record in Asia. Journal of Asian Sciences 26:519–532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu, Z.-x. 2003. Dispersals of Neogene carnivorans between Asia and North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 279:18–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu, Z.-x., and Z.-d. Qiu. 2013. Early Miocene Xiejiahe and Sihong fossil localities and their faunas, eastern China; pp. 142–154 in X.-m. Wang, L. J. Flynn, and M. Fortelius (eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia, Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Qiu, Z.-x., W. Wu, and Z.-d. Qiu. 1999. Miocene mammal faunal sequence of China: palaeozoogeography and Eurasian relationships; pp. 443–455 in G. Rössner and K. Heissig (eds.), The Miocene Land Mammals of Europe. Friedrich Pfeil Verlag, Munich.
   Google Scholar
• Qiu, Z.-x., Z.-d. Qiu, T. Deng, C.-k. Li, Z.-q. Zhang, B.-y. Wang, and X.-m. Wang. 2013. Neogene Land Mammal Stages/Ages of China; pp. 29–90 in X.-m. Wang, L. J. Flynn, and M. Fortelius (eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia, Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Radinsky, L. 1980. Endocasts of amphicyonid carnivorans. American Museum Novitates 2694:1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Raza, S. M., J. C. Barry, G. E. Meyer, and L. Martin. 1984. Preliminary report on the geology and vertebrate fauna of the Miocene Manchar Formation, Sind, Pakistan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4:584–599.
   Google Scholar
• Remy, J. A., J.Y. Crochet, B. Sigé, J. Sudre, L. de Bonis, M. Vianey-Liaud, M. Godinot, J.-L. Hartenberger, B. Lange-Badré, and B. Comte. 1987. Biochronologie des phosphorites du Quercy: mise à jour des listes faunistiques et nouveaux gisements de mammifères fossiles. Münchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen 10:169–188.
   Google Scholar
• Rögl, F. 1999. Circum-Mediterranean Miocene paleogeography; pp. 39–48 in G. Rössner and K. Heissig (eds.), The Miocene Land Mammals of Europe. Friedrich Pfeil Verlag, Munich.
   Google Scholar
• Roth, C. H. 1989. Die Raubtierfauna (Carnivora, Mammalia) der untermiozänen Spaltenfüllung von Erkertshofen 2 bei Eichstätt/Bayern. Mitteilungen der Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und historische Geologie 29:163–205.
   Google Scholar
• Sach, V. J., and E. P. J. Heizmann. 2001. Stratigraphie und Säugetierfaunen der Brackwassermolasse in der Umgebung von Ulm (Südwestdeutschland). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Ser. B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 310:1–95.
   Google Scholar
• Sanders, W. J., and E. R. Miller. 2002. New proboscideans from the early Miocene of Wadi Moghara, Egypt. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22:388–404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage, R. J. G. 1965. Fossil Mammals of Africa: 19, The Miocene Carnivora of east Africa. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology 10:239–316.
   Google Scholar
• Schlosser, M. 1899. Ueber die Bären und bärenähnlichen Formen des europäischen Tertiärs. Palaeontographica 46:95–146.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt-Kittler, N. 1987. The Carnivora (Fissipedia) from the lower Miocene of East Africa. Palaeontographica 197:85–126.
   Google Scholar
• Schoelhamer, J. E., J. G. Vedder, R. F. Yerkes, and D. M. Kinney. 1981. Geology of the northern Santa Ana Mountains, California; pp. D1–D109 in Geology of the eastern Los Angeles Basin, Southern California. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 420-D.
   Google Scholar
• Springhorn, R. 1977. Revision der alttertiären Europäischen Amphicyonidae (Carnivora, Mammalia). Palaeontographica 158:26–113.
   Google Scholar
• Tedford, R. H., and D. Frailey. 1976. Review of some Carnivora (Mammalia) from the Thomas Farm Local Fauna (Hemingfordian: Gilchrist County, Florida). American Museum Novitates 2610:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Tedford, R. H., L. B. Albright, A. D. Barnosky, I. Ferrusquia-Villafranca, R. M. Hunt Jr., J. E. Storer, C. C. Swisher, M. R. Voorhies, and S. D. Webb. 2004. Mammalian biochronology of the Arikareean through Hemphillian Interval (late Oligocene through early Pliocene Epochs); pp. 169–231 in M. O. Woodburne (ed.), Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Trouessart, E. 1885. Catalogue des mammifères vivants et fossils. Carnivores. Bulletin Société Etudes Sciences, Angers 14(Supplement to the year 1884):1–108.
   Google Scholar
• Viret, J. 1929. Les faunes de mammifères de l’Oligocène supérieur de la Limagne Bourbonnaise. Annales de l’Université de Lyon, n. sér. 47:1–328.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, B.-y., and Z.-x. Qiu. 2003. Notes on early Oligocene ursids (Carnivora, Mammalia) from Saint Jacques, Nei Mongol, China. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 279:116–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X.-m., L. J. Flynn, and M. Fortelius. 2013. Toward a continental Asian biostratigraphic and geochronologic framework; pp. 1–25 in X.-m. Wang, L. J. Flynn, and M. Fortelius (eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia, Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, X.-m., R. M. Hunt Jr., R. H. Tedford, and E. B. Lander. 2009. First record of immigrant Phoberogale (Mammalia, Ursidae, Carnivora) from southern California. Geodiversitas 31:753–773.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werdelin, L. 2003. Mio-Pliocene Carnivora from Lothagam, Kenya; pp. 261–330 in M. G. Leakey and J. M. Harris (eds.), Lothagam: The Dawn of Humanity in Eastern Africa. Columbia University Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Werdelin, L., and S. W. Simpson. 2009. The last amphicyonid (Mammalia, Carnivora) in Africa. Geodiversitas 31:775–787.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whistler, D. P., and E. B. Lander. 2003. New late Uintan to early Hemingfordian land mammal assemblages from the undifferentiated Sespe and Vaqueros formations, Orange County, and from the Sespe and equivalent marine formations in Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, and Ventura Counties, southern California. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 279:231–268.
   Google Scholar