271
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Short communications

A large crocodyloid from the Oligocene of the Bugti Hills, Pakistan

ORCID Icon, , , , & ORCID Icon
Article: e1671427 | Received 22 Jan 2019, Accepted 03 Sep 2019, Published online: 01 Nov 2019

LITERATURE CITED

  • Aguilera, O. A., D. Riff, and J. Bocquentin-Villanueva 2006. A new giant Purussaurus (crocodyliformes, alligatoridae) from the upper Miocene Urumaco formation, Venezuela. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 4:221–232. doi: 10.1017/S147720190600188X
  • Antoine, P.-O. and J.-L. Welcomme. 2000. A new rhinoceros from the lower Miocene of the Bugti Hills, Baluchistan, Pakistan: the oldest elasmotheriine. Palaeontology 43:795–816. doi: 10.1111/1475-4983.00150
  • Antoine, P.-O., J.-L. Welcomme, L. Marivaux, I. Baloch, M. Benammi, and P. Tassy. 2003. First record of Paleogene Elephantoidea (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Bugti Hills of Pakistan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23:977–980. doi: 10.1671/2453-25
  • Antoine, P.-O., S. M. I. Shah, I. U. Cheema, J. Y. Crochet, D. de Franceschi, L. Marivaux, G. Métais, and J.-L. Welcomme. 2004. New remains of the baluchithere Paraceratherium bugtiense (Pilgrim, 1910) from the Late/latest Oligocene of the Bugti Hills, Balochistan, Pakistan. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 24:71–77. doi: 10.1016/j.jaes.2003.09.005
  • Antoine, P.-O., K. F. Downing, J.-Y. Crochet, F. Duranthon, L. J. Flynn, L. Marivaux, G. Métais, A. R. Rajpar, and G. Roohi. 2010. A revision of Aceratherium blanfordi Lydekker, 1884 (Mammalia: Rhinocerotidae) from the early Miocene of Pakistan: postcranials as a key. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160:139–194. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00597.x
  • Antoine, P.-O., G. Métais, M. J. Orliac, J.-Y. Crochet, L. J. Flynn, L. Marivaux, A. R. Rajpar, G. Roohi, and J.-L. Welcomme. 2013. Mammalian Neogene biostratigraphy of the Sulaiman Province, Pakistan; pp. 400–422 in X.-M. Wang, L. J. Flynn, and M. Fortelius (eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Aureliano, T., A. M. Ghilardi, E. Guilherme, J. P. Souza-Filho, M. Cavalcanti, and D. Riff. 2015. Morphometry, bite-force, and paleobiology of the Late Miocene caiman Purussaurus brasiliensis. PLoS ONE 10:e0117944. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117944
  • Berg, D. E. 1966. Die Krokodile, insbesondere Asiatosuchus und aff. Sebecus?, aus dem Eozän von Messel bei Darmstadt/Hessen. Abhandlungen des Hessischen Landesamtes für Bodenforschung 52:1–105.
  • Britton, A., R., Whitaker, and N. Whitaker. 2012. Here be a dragon: exceptional size in a saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) from the Philippines. Herpetological Review 43:541–546.
  • Brochu, C. A., and G. W. Storrs. 2012. A giant crocodile from the Plio-Pleistocene of Kenya, the phylogenetic relationships of Neogene African crocodylines, and the antiquity of Crocodylus in Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32:587–602. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2012.652324
  • Buffetaut, E. 1979. Présence du crocodilien Phosphatosaurus (Mesosuchia, Dyrosauridae) dans le paléocène du Niger et du Mali. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 53:323–333. doi: 10.1007/BF02986594
  • Da Silva, A., and J. Lenin. 2010. Mugger crocodile Crocodylus palustris; pp. 94–98 in Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, third edition. Darwin, Australia: Crocodile Specialist Group.
  • Delfino, M., and De Vos, J. 2014. A giant crocodile in the Dubois Collection from the Pleistocene of Kali Gedeh (Java). Integrative Zoology 9:141–147. doi: 10.1111/1749-4877.12065
  • Delfino, M., and T. Smith. 2009. A reassessment of the morphology and taxonomic status of ‘Crocodylus’ depressifrons (Crocodylia, Crocodyloidea) based on the Early Eocene remains from Belgium. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156:140–167. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00478.x
  • Delfino, M., M. Böhme, and L. Rook. 2007. First European evidence for transcontinental dispersal of Crocodylus (late Neogene of southern Italy). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149:293–307. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00248.x
  • Erickson, G. M., and C. A. Brochu. 1999. How the ‘terror crocodile’ grew so big. Nature 398:205. doi: 10.1038/18343
  • Fitzinger, L. J. 1826. Neue Classification der Reptilien nach ihren natürlichen Verwandtschaften. Nebst einer Verwandtschafts-Tafel und einem Verzeichnisse der Reptilien-Sammlung des K. K. Zoologischen Museum’s zu Wien, Vienna, 66 pp.
  • Fukuda, Y., K. Saalfeld, G. Lindner, and T. Nichols. 2013. Estimation of total length from head length of saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) in the Northern Territory, Australia. Journal of Herpetology 47:34–40. doi: 10.1670/11-094
  • Gmelin, J. F. 1789. Tom. I. Pars III; pp. 1033–1516 in G. E. Beer (ed.), Caroli a Linné, Systema Naturae. Leipzig, Germany.
  • Head, J. J. 2001. Systematics and body size of the gigantic, enigmatic crocodyloid Rhamphosuchus crassidens, and the faunal history of Siwalik Group (Miocene) crocodylians. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21:A59. doi: 10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0392:AROTPP]2.0.CO;2
  • Lihoreau, F., L. Alloing-Séguier, P.-O. Antoine, J.-R. Boisserie, L. Marivaux, G. Métais, and J.-L. Welcomme. 2017. Enamel microstructure defines a major Paleogene hippopotamoid clade: the Merycopotamini (Artiodactyla, Hippopotamoidea). Historical Biology 29:947–957. doi: 10.1080/08912963.2016.1274748
  • Marivaux, L., and J.-L. Welcomme. 2003. Diatomyid and baluchimyine rodents from the Oligocene of Pakistan (Bugti Hills, Balochistan): systematic and paleobiogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23:420–434. doi: 10.1671/0272-4634(2003)023[0420:NDABRF]2.0.CO;2
  • Marivaux, L., M. Vianey-Liaud, and J.-L. Welcomme. 1999. Première découverte de Cricetidae (Rodentia, Mammalia) oligocènes dans le synclinal Sud de Gandoï (Bugti Hills, Balouchistan, Pakistan). Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences 329:839–844.
  • Marivaux, L., J.-L. Welcomme, S. Ducrocq, and J.-J. Jaeger. 2002a. Oligocene sivaladapid primate from the Bugti Hills (Balochistan, Pakistan) bridges the gap between Eocene and Miocene adapiform communities in southern Asia. Journal of Human Evolution 42:379–388. doi: 10.1006/jhev.2001.0529
  • Marivaux, L., J.-L. Welcomme, M. Vianey-Liaud, and J.-J. Jaeger. 2002b. The role of Asia in the origin and diversification of hystricognathous rodents. Zoologica Scripta 31:225–239. doi: 10.1046/j.1463-6409.2002.00074.x
  • Marivaux, L., J.-L. Welcomme, P.-O. Antoine, G. Métais, I. M. Baloch, M. Benammi, Y. Chaimanee, S. Ducrocq, and J.-J. Jaeger. 2001. A fossil lemur from the Oligocene of Pakistan. Science 294:587–591. doi: 10.1126/science.1065257
  • Marivaux, L., P.-O. Antoine, S. R. H. Baqri, M. Benammi, Y. Chaimanee, J.-Y. Crochet, D. De Franceschi, N. Iqbal, J.-J. Jaeger, G. Métais, G. Roohi, and J.-L. Welcomme. 2005. Anthropoid primates from the Oligocene of Pakistan (Bugti Hills): data on early anthropoid evolution and biogeography. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102:8436–8441. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0503469102
  • Martin, J. E., K. Lauprasert, E. Buffetaut, R. Liard, and V. Suteethorn. 2014. A large pholidosaurid in the Phu Kradung Formation of north-eastern Thailand. Palaeontology 57:757–769. doi: 10.1111/pala.12086
  • Martin, J. E. 2018. The taxonomic content of the genus Gavialis from the Siwalik Hills of India and Pakistan. Papers in Palaeontology 5:483–497. doi: 10.1002/spp2.1247
  • Martin, J. E., J. Raslan-Loubatié, and J.-M. Mazin. 2016. Cranial anatomy of Pholidosaurus purbeckensis from the Lower Cretaceous of France and its bearing on pholidosaurid affinities. Cretaceous Research 66:43–59. doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2016.05.008
  • Métais, G., B. Mennecart, and G. Roohi. 2017. A new assemblage of stem pecoran ruminants from the Oligocene Chitarwata Formation, Bugti Hills, Baluchistan, Pakistan: paleoenvironmental and paleobiogeographic implications. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 136:40–49. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.09.009
  • Métais, G., J.-L. Welcomme, and S. Ducrocq. 2009a. New lophiomerycid ruminants from the Oligocene of the Bugti Hills (Balochistan, Pakistan). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29:231–241. doi: 10.1671/039.029.0115
  • Métais, G., P.-O. Antoine, L. Marivaux, S. Ducrocq, and J.-L. Welcomme. 2003. New artiodactyl ruminant mammal from the late Oligocene of Pakistan. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48:375–382.
  • Métais, G., P.-O. Antoine, S. H. Baqri, J.-Y. Crochet, D. De Franceschi, L. Marivaux, and J.-L. Welcomme. 2009b. Lithofacies, depositional environments, regional biostratigraphy and age of the Chitarwata Formation in the Bugti Hills, Balochistan, Pakistan. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 34:154–167. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2008.04.006
  • Métais, G., P.-O. Antoine, S. R. H. Baqri, M. Benammi, J.-Y. Crochet, D. De Franceschi, L. Marivaux, and J.-L. Welcomme. 2006. New remains of the enigmatic cetartiodactyl Bugtitherium grandincisivum Pilgrim 1908, from the upper Oligocene of the Bugti Hills (Balochistan, Pakistan). Naturwissenschaften 93:348–355. doi: 10.1007/s00114-006-0112-3
  • Mook, C. C. 1940. A new fossil crocodilian from Mongolia. American Museum novitates 1097:1–3.
  • Njau, J., and R. J. Blumenschine. 2006. A diagnosis of crocodile feeding traces on larger mammal bone, with fossil examples from the Plio-Pleistocene Olduvai Basin, Tanzania. Journal of Human Evolution 50:142–162. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.08.008
  • Orliac, M. J., P.-O. Antoine, G. Roohi, and J.-L. Welcomme. 2010. Suoidea (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla) from the early Oligocene of the Bugti Hills, Balochistan, Pakistan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30:1300–1305. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2010.483554
  • Orliac, M. J., P.-O., Antoine, G. Métais, J.-Y. Crochet, L. Marivaux, G. Roohi, and J.-L. Welcomme. 2009. Listriodon guptai Pilgrim, 1926 (Mammalia, Suidae) from the early Miocene of the Bugti Hills, Balochistan, Pakistan: new insights into early Listriodontinae evolution and biogeography. Naturwissenschaften 96:911–920. doi: 10.1007/s00114-009-0547-4
  • Pilgrim, G. E. 1908. The Tertiary and post-Tertiary freshwater deposits of Baluchistan and Sind with notices of new vertebrates. Records of the Geological Survey of India 37:139–166.
  • Pilgrim, G. E. 1912. The vertebrate fauna of the Gaj series in the Bugti Hills and the Punjab. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. Palaeontologica Indica New Series 4:1–83.
  • Roddaz, M., A. Said, S. Guillot, P. O. Antoine, J. M. Montel, F. Martin, and J. Darrozes. 2011. Provenance of Cenozoic sedimentary rocks from the Sulaiman fold and thrust belt, Pakistan: implications for the palaeogeography of the Indus drainage system. Journal of the Geological Society 168:499–516. doi: 10.1144/0016-76492010-100
  • Riff, D., and O. A. Aguilera. 2008. The world’s largest gharials Gryposuchus: description of G. croizati n. sp. (Crocodylia, Gavialidae) from the Upper Miocene Urumaco Formation, Venezuela. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 82:178–195. doi: 10.1007/BF02988408
  • Salas-Gismondi, R., J. J. Flynn, P. Baby, J. Tejada-Lara, F. P. Wesselingh, and P.-O. Antoine 2015. A Miocene hyperdiverse crocodylian community reveals peculiar trophic dynamics in proto-Amazonian mega-wetlands. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences 282:20142490.
  • Salisbury, S. W. and P. A. Willis. 1996. A new Crocodylian from the early Eocene of south-eastern Queensland and a preliminary investigation of the phylogenetic relationships of crocodyloids. Alcheringa 20:179–226.
  • Sereno, P. C., H. C. Larsson, C. A. Sidor, and B. Gado. 2001. The giant crocodyliform Sarcosuchus from the Cretaceous of Africa. Science 294:1516–1519. doi: 10.1126/science.1066521
  • Souza, R. G., G. M. Cidade, D. de A. Campos, and D. Riff. 2016. New crocodilian remains from the Solimões Formation (lower Eocene–Pliocene), state of Acre, southwestern Brazilian Amazonia. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 19:217–232. doi: 10.4072/rbp.2016.2.06
  • Stromer, E. 1925. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 7. Stomatosuchus inermis Stromer, ein schwach bezahnter Krokodilier und 8. Ein Skelettrest des Pristiden Onchopristis numidus Haug sp. Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung 30:1–22.
  • Vickary, N. 1846. Geological report on a portion of the Belochistan Hills. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 2:260–266. doi: 10.1144/GSL.JGS.1846.002.01-02.44
  • Welcomme, J.-L., and L. Ginsburg. 1997. Mise en évidence de l’Oligocène sur le territoire des Bugti (Balouchistan, Pakistan). Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Series IIA, Earth and Planetary Science 325:999–1004.
  • Welcomme, J. L., P.-O. Antoine, F. Duranthon, P. Mein, and L. Ginsburg. 1997. Nouvelle découvertes de Vertébrés miocènes dans le synclinal de Dera Bugti (Balouchistan, Pakistan). Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Series IIA, Earth and Planetary Science 325:531–536.
  • Welcomme, J. L., M. Benammi, J. Y. Crochet, L. Marivaux, G. Métais, P. O. Antoine, and I. Baloch. 2001. Himalayan Forelands: palaeontological evidence for Oligocene detrital deposits in the Bugti Hills (Balochistan, Pakistan). Geological Magazine 138:397–405. doi: 10.1017/S0016756801005428

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.