423
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

From toad to frog, a CT-based reconsideration of Bufo servatus, an Eocene anuran mummy from Quercy (France)

ORCID Icon, , , &
Article: e1989694 | Received 27 Dec 2020, Accepted 28 Sep 2021, Published online: 23 Nov 2021

LITERATURE CITED

  • Aguilar, J.-P., S. Legendre, and J. Michaux.1997. Actes du Congrès Biochrom’97 Montpellier 14-17 Avril. Biochronologie mammalienne du Cénozoïque en Europe et domaines reliés. Mémoires et Travaux de l’Institut de Montpellier de l’Ecole Pratique des Hautes Études 21, 1-181.
  • Augé, M., and R. Smith. 2009. An assemblage of early Oligocene lizards (Squamata) from the locality of Boutersem (Belgium), with comments on the Eocene–Oligocene transition. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 155:148–170.
  • Báez, A. M., and R. O. Gómez. 2018. Dealing with homoplasy: osteology and phylogenetic relationships of the bizarre neobatrachian frog Baurubatrachus pricei from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 16:279–308.
  • Báez, A. M., and C. Werner. 1996. Presencia de Anuros Ranoideos en el Cretácico de Sudan. Ameghiniana 33:460.
  • Báez, A. M., G. J. B. Moura, and R. O. Gómez. 2009. Anurans from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of northeastern Brazil: implications for the early divergence of neobatrachians. Cretaceous Research 30:829–846.
  • Biton, R., R. Boistel, R. Rabinovich, S. Gafny, V. Brumfeld, and S. Bailon. 2016. Osteological observations on the Alytid anura Latonia nigriventer with comments on functional morphology, biogeography, and evolutionary history. Journal of Morphology 277:1131–1145.
  • Bohaty, S. M., J. C. Zachos, F. Florindo, and M. L. Delaney. 2009. Coupled greenhouse warming and deep-sea acidification in the Middle Eocene: Middle Eocene warming and ccd shoaling. Paleoceanography 24:1–16.
  • Bolt, J. R., and R. E. Lombard. 1985. Evolution of the amphibian tympanic ear and the origin of frogs. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 24:83–99.
  • Bonaparte, C. 1850. Conspectus Systematum. Herpetologiae et Amphibiologiae., Brill. Leiden, pp.
  • Boscolo Galazzo, F., E. Thomas, M. Pagani, C. Warren, V. Luciani, and L. Giusberti. 2014. The middle Eocene climatic optimum (MECO): A multiproxy record of paleoceanographic changes in the southeast Atlantic (ODP Site 1263, Walvis Ridge): MECO repercussions in the SE Atlantic. Paleoceanography 29:1143–1161.
  • Boulenger, G. A. 1884. Diagnoses of new Reptiles and Batrachians from the Solomon Islands, collected and presented to the British Museum by H. B. Guppy, Esq., M.B., H.M.S. ‘Lark’. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for the year 1884:210-213.
  • Boulenger, G. A. 1886. Quelques mots en réponse à la note de M. Le Dr R. Blanchard sur la classification des Batraciens. Bulletin de la société zoologique de France 11:320–321.
  • Boulenger, G. A. 1917. Sur la conformation des phalangettes chez certaines grenouilles d'Afrique. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences, Paris,165 : 987-990.
  • Bremer, K. 1994. Branch support and Tree stability. Cladistics 10:295–304.
  • de Broin, F., E. Buffetaut, J.-C. Koeniger, J. Rage, D. Russell, P. Taquet, C. Vergnaud-Grazzini, and S. Wenz. 1974. La faune de vertébrés continentaux du gisement d’In Beceten (Sénonien du Niger). Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, Série D 279:439–472.
  • de Buffrénil, V., F. Clarac, A. Canoville, and M. Laurin. 2016. Comparative Data on the Differentiation and growth of bone ornamentation in Gnathostomes (Chordata: Vertebrata): Growth of bone ornamentation in Gnathostomes. Journal of Morphology 277:634–670.
  • de Buffrénil, V., F. Clarac, M. Fau, S. Martin, B. Martin, E. Pellé, and M. Laurin. 2015. Differentiation and growth of bone ornamentation in Vertebrates: A comparative histological study among the Crocodylomorpha: Development of bone ornamentation in the Crocodylomorpha. Journal of Morphology 276:425–445.
  • Cameron, J. A., D. J. Milner, J. S. Lee, J. Cheng, N. X. Fang, and I. M. Jasiuk. 2012. Employing the biology of successful fracture repair to heal critical size bone defects; pp. 113–132 in E. Heber-Katz and D. L. Stocum (eds.), New Perspectives in Regeneration. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology vol. 367. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Channing, A., and N. Baptista. 2013. Amietia angolensis and A. fuscigula (Anura: Pyxicephalidae) in southern Africa: A cold case reheated. Zootaxa 3640:501.
  • Channing, A., J. M. Dehling, Lötters, and R. Ernst. 2016. Species boundaries and taxonomy of the African river frogs (Amphibia: Pyxicephalidae: Amietia). Zootaxa 4155:1.
  • Clarke, B. T. 1981. Comparative osteology and evolutionary relationships in the African Raninae (Anura: Ranidae). Monitore Zoologico Italiano. Supplemento 15:285–331.
  • Company, J., and Z. Szentesi. 2012. Amphibians from the Late Cretaceous Sierra Perenchiza Formation of the Chera Basin, Valencia Province, Spain. Cretaceous Research 37:240–245.
  • Congreve, C. R., and J. C. Lamsdell. 2016. Implied weighting and its utility in palaeontological datasets: a study using modelled phylogenetic matrices. Palaeontology 59:447–462.
  • Cope, E. D. 1864. On the limits and relations of the Raniformes. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 16:181–183.
  • Cross, R. 2017. The inside story on 20.000 vertebrates. Science 357:742–743.
  • De Bast E., Sigé B., Smith T., 2012. Diversity of the adapisoriculid mammals from the early Palaeocene of Hainin, Belgium. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 57(1):35-52
  • De Stefano, G. 1903. I Sauri del Quercy appartenenti alla colleztione Rossignol. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali 4:382–418.
  • Delfino, M., J. Rage, and L. Rook. 2003. Tertiary mammal turnover phenomena: what happened to the herpetofauna? Deinsea 10:153–161.
  • Dubois, A., and A. Ohler. 2005. Taxonomic notes on the Asian frogs of the tribe Paini (Ranidae, Dicroglossinae): 1. Morphology and synonymy of Chaparana aenea (Smith, 1922), with proposal of a new statistical method for testing homogeneity of small samples. Journal of Natural History 39:1759–1778.
  • Duellman, W. E., and L. Trueb. 1994. Biology of Amphibians. JHU Press, 702 pp.
  • Duméril, C. 1805. Zoologie analytique, ou Méthode naturelle de classification des animaux, rendue plus facile à l’aide de tableaux synoptiques. Allais, Paris, XXXII + 386 pp.
  • Egawa, S., S. Miura, H. Yokoyama, T. Endo, and K. Tamura. 2014. Growth and differentiation of a long bone in limb development, repair and regeneration. Development, Growth & Differentiation 56:410–424.
  • Escarguel, G., S. Legendre, and B. Sigé. 2008. Unearthing deep-time biodiversity changes: The Palaeogene mammalian metacommunity of the Quercy and Limagne area (Massif Central, France). Comptes Rendus Geoscience 340:602–614.
  • Estes, R., Ma. Hecht, and R. Hoffstetter. 1967. Paleocene Amphibians from Cernay, France. American Museum Novitates 2295:1–25.
  • Evans, S. E., M. E. H. Jones, and D. W. Krause. 2008. A giant frog with South American affinities from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105:2951–2956.
  • Evans, S. E., J. R. Groenke, M. E. H. Jones, A. H. Turner, and D. W. Krause. 2014. New material of Beelzebufo, a hyperossified frog (Amphibia: Anura) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Plos One 9:e87236.
  • Fabrezi, M. 2006. Morphological evolution of Ceratophryinae (Anura, Neobatrachia). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 44:153–166.
  • Feng, Y.-J., D. C. Blackburn, D. Liang, D. M. Hillis, D. B. Wake, D. C. Cannatella, and P. Zhang. 2017. Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114:E5864–E5870.
  • Filhol, H. 1873. Sur des pièces fossiles provenant de batraciens, de lacertiens et d’ophidens, trouvés dans les dépôts de phosphates de chaux de l’Averyon. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris 77:1556–1557.
  • Filhol, H. 1876. Sur les Reptiles fossiles des phosphorites du Quercy. Bulletin de La Société Philomathique de Paris 6:27–28.
  • Filhol, H. 1877. Recherches sur les phosphorites du Quercy: Etude des fossiles qu’on y rencontre et spécialement des mammifères, Librairie de l’Académie de médecine. Paris, 690 pp.
  • Folie, A., Sigé B. and T. Smith. 2005. A new scincomorph lizard from the Palaeocene of Belgium and the origin of Scincoidea in Europe. Naturwissenschaften 92:542-546.
  • Folie, A., Smith R. and T. Smith. 2013. New amphisbaenian lizards from the Early Paleogene of Europe and their implications for the early evolution of modern amphisbaenians. Geologica Belgica 16 (4): 227-235.
  • Frazão, A., H. R. da Silva, and C. A. de M. Russo. 2015. The Gondwana Breakup and the History of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans Unveils Two New Clades for Early Neobatrachian Diversification. Plos One 10:e0143926.
  • Frost, D. R., T. Grant, J. Faivovich, R. H. Bain, A. Haas, C. F. B. Haddad, R. O. De Sá, A. Channing, M. Wilkinson, S. C. Donnellan, C. J. Raxworthy, J. A. Campbell, B. L. Blotto, P. Moler, R. C. Drewes, R. A. Nussbaum, J. D. Lynch, D. M. Green, and W. C. Wheeler. 2006. The Amphibian Tree of Life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297:1–291.
  • Gardner, J. D., and J.-C. Rage. 2016. The fossil record of lissamphibians from Africa, Madagascar, and the Arabian Plate. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 96:169–220.
  • Gardner, J. D., Z. Roček, T. Přikryl, J. G. Eaton, R. W. Blob, and J. T. Sankey. 2010. Comparative morphology of the ilium of anurans and urodeles (Lissamphibia) and a re-assessment of the anuran affinities of Nezpercius dodsoni Blob et al., 2001. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30:1684–1696.
  • Gèze, B. 1949. Les Gouffres à Phosphate du Quercy. Annales de Spéléologie 4:89–107.
  • Gheerbrant, E., and J.-C. Rage. 2006. Paleobiogeography of Africa: How distinct from Gondwana and Laurasia? Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 241:224–246.
  • Goloboff, P. A. 1993. Estimating character weights during tree search. Cladistics 9:83–91.
  • Goloboff, P. A. 1997. Self-Weighted Optimization: Tree searches and character state reconstructions under implied transformation costs. Cladistics 13:225–245.
  • Goloboff, P. A., and S. A. Catalano. 2016. TNT version 1.5, including a full implementation of phylogenetic morphometrics. Cladistics 32:221–238.
  • Goloboff, P. A., and J. S. Farris. 2001. Methods for quick consensus estimation. Cladistics 17:S26–S34.
  • Goloboff, P. A., A. Torres, and J. S. Arias. 2018a. Weighted parsimony outperforms other methods of phylogenetic inference under models appropriate for morphology. Cladistics 34:407–437.
  • Goloboff, P. A., J. M. Carpenter, J. S. Arias, and D. R. M. Esquivel. 2008. Weighting against homoplasy improves phylogenetic analysis of morphological data sets. Cladistics 24:758–773.
  • Goloboff, P. A., M. Pittman, D. Pol, and X. Xu. 2018b. Morphological data sets fit a common mechanism much more poorly than DNA sequences and call into question the Mkv model. Systematic Biology 68:494–504.
  • Gómez, R. O., and G. F. Turazzini. 2016. An overview of the ilium of anurans (Lissamphibia, Salientia), with a critical appraisal of the terminology and primary homology of main ilial features. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36:e1030023.
  • Griffins, C. T., M. R. Stocker, C. Colleary, C. M. Stefanic, E. J. Lessner, M. Riegler, K. Formoso, K. Koeller and S. J. Nesbitt. 2021. Assessing ontogenetic maturity in extinct saurian reptiles. Biological Reviews 96: 470-525.
  • Haas, A. 2003. Phylogeny of frogs as inferred from primarily larval characters (Amphibia: Anura). Cladistics 19:23–89.
  • Hedges, S. B., J. Marin, M. Suleski, M. Paymer, and S. Kumar. 2015. Tree of Life reveals clock-like speciation and diversification. Molecular Biology and Evolution 32:835–845.
  • Héran, M.-A., C. Lécuyer, and S. Legendre. 2010. Cenozoic long-term terrestrial climatic evolution in Germany tracked by δ18O of rodent tooth phosphate. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 285:331–342.
  • Holman, J. A., and D. L. Harrison. 2002. A new Thaumastosaurus (Anura: Familia Incertae Sedis) from the Late Eocene of England, with remarks on the taxonomic and zoogeographic relationships of the genus. Journal of Herpetology 36:621–626.
  • Holman, J. A., and D. L. Harrison. 2003. A new helmeted frog of the genus Thaumastosaurus from the Eocene of England. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48:157–160.
  • Jarošová, J., and Z. Roček. 1982. The incrassatio frontoparietalis in frogs, its origin and phylogenetic significance. Amphibia-Reptilia 3:111–124.
  • Jeanbernat, E. 1874. Procès-verbal de la séance du 6 février 1874. Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles de Toulouse 2:502–507.
  • Jetz, W., and R. A. Pyron. 2018. The interplay of past diversification and evolutionary isolation with present imperilment across the amphibian tree of life. Nature Ecology & Evolution 2:850–858.
  • Jones, A. S., and R. J. Butler. 2018. A new phylogenetic analysis of Phytosauria (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) with the application of continuous and geometric morphometric character coding. PeerJ 6:e5901.
  • Laloy, F., J.-C. Rage, S. E. Evans, R. Boistel, N. Lenoir, and M. Laurin. 2013. A re-interpretation of the Eocene anuran Thaumastosaurus based on MicroCT examination of a ‘mummified’ specimen. Plos One 8:e74874.
  • Laurent, R. F. 1986. Sous classe des Lissamphibiens (Lissamphiia) ; pp. 594–597 in Grassé P., and M. Delsol (edts), Traité de Zoologie, Anatomie, Systematique, Biologie. vol. 14. Paris.
  • Legendre, S., B. Marandat, B. Sigé, J.-Y. Crochet, M. Godinot, J.-L. Hartenberger, J. Sudre, M. Vianey-Liaud, B. Muratet, and J.-G. Astruc. 1992. Mammalian fauna of Vielase (phosphorites of Quercy, in the South of France): paleontological evidence for karst formation in the Quercy area as early as the Early Eocene. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 1992:414–428.
  • Lunt, D. J., T. Dunkley Jones, M. Heinemann, M. Huber, A. LeGrande, A. Winguth, C. Loptson, J. Marotzke, C. D. Roberts, J. Tindall, P. Valdes, and C. Winguth. 2017. A model–data comparison for a multi-model ensemble of early Eocene atmosphere–ocean simulations: EoMIP. Climate of the Past 8:1717–1736.
  • Lynch, J. D. 1971. Evolutionary relationships, osteology and zoogeography of Leptodactyloid frogs. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Miscellaneous Publications 53: 1–238.
  • Lynch, J. D. 1973. The transition from archaic to advanced frogs; pp. 133–182 in J. L. Vial (ed.), Evolutionnary Biology of the Anurans. Contemporary resarch on major problems. University of Missouri Press.
  • Macaluso, L., J. E. Martin, L. Del Favero, and M. Delfino. 2019. Revision of the crocodilians from the Oligocene of Monteviale, Italy, and the diversity of European eusuchians across the Eocene-Oligocene boundary. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39:e1601098
  • Marjanović, D., and M. Laurin. 2014. An updated paleontological timetree of lissamphibians, with comments on the anatomy of Jurassic crown-group salamanders (Urodela). Historical Biology 26:535–550.
  • Martín, C., M. A. Alonso-Zarazaga, and B. Sanchiz. 2012. Nomenclatural notes on living and fossil amphibians. Graellsia 68:159.
  • Mones A. 1989. Nomen Dubium vs Nomen Vanum. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 9: 232–234.
  • Nicoli, L. 2019. The fossil record of Ceratophrys Wied-Neuwied (Anura: Ceratophryidae): a revision and update of fossil South American horned frogs. Zootaxa 4658:37–68.
  • O’Reilly, J. E., M. N. Puttick, L. Parry, A. R. Tanner, J. E. Tarver, J. Fleming, D. Pisani, and P. C. J. Donoghue. 2016. Bayesian methods outperform parsimony but at the expense of precision in the estimation of phylogeny from discrete morphological data. Biology Letters 12:20160081.
  • Ősi, A., M. Szabó, H. Kollmann, M. Wagreich, R. Kalmár, L. Makádi, Z. Szentesi, and H. Summesberger. 2019. Vertebrate remains from the Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) Gosau Group of Gams, Austria. Cretaceous Research 99:190–208.
  • Paluh, D. J., E. L. Stanley, and D. C. Blackburn. 2020. Evolution of hyperossification expands skull diversity in frogs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117:8554–8562.
  • Pélissié T., and B. Sigé (edts). 2006. 30 millions d’années de Biodiversité dynamique dans le paléokarst du Quercy. Strata 13:3–284.
  • Pereyra, M. O., M. C. Womack, J. S. Barrionuevo, B. L. Blotto, D. Baldo, M. Targino, J. J. Ospina-Sarria, J. M. Guayasamin, L. A. Coloma, K. L. Hoke, T. Grant, and J. Faivovich. 2016. The complex evolutionary history of the tympanic middle ear in frogs and toads (Anura). Scientific Reports 6:34130.
  • Poynton, J. C. 1964. The Amphibians of Southern Africa. Annals of the Natal Museum 17:1–334.
  • Piveteau, J.1927. Etudes sur quelques Amphibiens et Reptiles fossiles. Annales de Paléontologie 16:59–99.
  • Procter, M. J. B. 1919. On the skull and affinities of Rana subsigillata A. Dum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 89:21–27.
  • Puttick, M. N., J. E. O’Reilly, A. R. Tanner, J. F. Fleming, J. Clark, L. Holloway, J. Lozano-Fernandez, L. A. Parry, J. E. Tarver, D. Pisani, and P. C. J. Donoghue. 2017. Uncertain-tree: discriminating among competing approaches to the phylogenetic analysis of phenotype data. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284:20162290.
  • Pyron, R. A., and J. J. Wiens. 2011. A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61:543–583.
  • Rage, J.-C. 1984a. La “Grande Coupure” Eocène/Oligocène et les herpétofaunes (Amphibiens et Reptiles): Problèmes du synchronisme des événements paléobiogéographiqes. Bulletin de la société géologique de France 26:1251–1257.
  • Rage, J.-C. 1984b. Are the Ranidae (Anura, Amphibia) known prior to the Oligocene? Amphibia-Reptilia 5:281–288.
  • Rage, J.-C. 2003. Oldest Bufonidae (Amphibia, Anura) from the Old World: a Bufonid from the Paleocene of France. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23:462–463.
  • Rage, J.-C. 2006. The Lower Vertebrates from the Eocene and Oligocene of the Phosphorites du Quercy (France): An Overview. Strata 1:161–173.
  • Rage, J.-C. 2012. Amphibians and squamates in the Eocene of Europe: what do they tell us? Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 92:445–457.
  • Rage, J.-C. 2016. Frogs (Amphibia, Anura) from the Eocene and Oligocene of the Phosphorites du Quercy (France). An overview. Fossil Imprint 53–66.
  • Rage, J.-C., and Z. Roček. 2007. A new species of Thaumastosaurus (Amphibia: Anura) from the Eocene of Europe. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27:329–336.
  • Rage, J.-C., M. Adaci, M. Bensalah, M. Mahboubi, L. Marivaux, F. Mebrouk, and R. Tabuce. 2021. Lastest Early-Middle Eocene deposits of Algeria (Glib Zegdou, HGL50) yield the richest and most diverse fauna of amphibians and squamate reptiles from the Palaeogene of Africa. Paleovertebrata 44 (1)-e1. doi: https://doi.org/10.18563/pv.44.1.e1.
  • Reig, O. 1958. Proposiciones para una nueva macrosistemática de los anuros (nota preliminar). Physis 21:109–118.
  • Remy, J. A., J.-Y. Crochet, B. Sigé, J. Sudre, L. de Bonis, M. Vianey-Liaud, M. Godinot, J.-L. Hartenberger, B. Lange-Badré, and B. Comte. 1987. Biochronologie des Phosphorites du Quercy: Mise à jour des listes fauniques et nouveaux gisements de mammifères fossiles. Münchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen A:169–188.
  • Rineau, V., A. Grand, R. Zaragüeta i Bagils, and M. Laurin. 2015. Experimental systematics: sensitivity of cladistic methods to polarization and character ordering schemes. Contributions to Zoology 84:129–148.
  • Rineau, V., R. Zaragüeta i Bagils, and M. Laurin. 2018. Impact of errors on cladistic inference: simulation-based comparison between parsimony and three-taxon analysis. Contributions to Zoology 87:25–40.
  • Roček, Z. 1980. Cranial anatomy of frogs of the family PelobatidaeStannius, 1856, with outlines of their phylogeny and systematics. Acta Universitatis Carolinae - Biologica 3:1–164.
  • Roček, Z. 1994. Taxonomy and distribution of Tertiary Discoglossids (anura) of The Genus Latonia V. Meyer, 1843. Geobios 27:717–751.
  • Roček, Z. 2003. Larval development and evolutionary origin of the anuran skull; pp. 1877–1995 in H. Heatwole and M. Davies (eds.), Amphibians Biology: Osteology. vol. 5. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Chipping Norton, Australia.
  • Roček, Z. 2008. The Late Cretaceous frog Gobiates from Central Asia: its evolutionary status and possible phylogenetic relationships. Cretaceous Research 29:577–591.
  • Roček, Z., and P. Lamaud. 1995. Thaumastosaurus bottii De Stefano, 1903, an anuran with Gondwanan affinities from the Eocene of Europe. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15:506–515.
  • Roček, Z., and L. A. Nessov. 1993. Cretaceous anurans from Central Asia. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 226:1–54.
  • Roček, Z., N. Baleeva, A. Vazeille, A. Bravin, E. van Dijk, C. Nemoz, E. M. Smirina, R. Boistel, and L. Claessens. 2016. Contribution to the head anatomy of the basal frog Barbourula busuangensis and the evolution of the Anura. Russian Journal of Herpetology 23:163–194.
  • Rödel, M.-O., J. Kosuch, T. U. Grafe, R. Boistel, N. E. Assemian, N. G. Kouamé, B. Tohé, G. Gourène, J.-L. Perret, K. Henle, P. Tafforeau, N. Pollet, and M. Veith. 2009. A new tree-frog genus and species from Ivory Coast, West Africa (Amphibia: Anura: Hyperoliidae). Zootaxa 2044:23–45.
  • Sanchiz, B. 1998. Salientia. Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich, 275 pp.
  • Scott, E. 2005. A phylogeny of ranid frogs (Anura: Ranoidea: Ranidae), based on a simultaneous analysis of morphological and molecular data. Cladistics 21:507–574.
  • Sheil, C. A. 1999. Osteology and skeletal development of Pyxicephalus adspersus (Anura: Ranidae: Raninae). Journal of Morphology 240:49–75.
  • Sigé, B., J.-P. Aguilar, B. Marandat, and J. N.-G. Astruc. 1991. Extension au Miocène inférieur des remplissages phosphatés du Quercy. La Faune de Vertébrés de Crémat (Lot, France). Geobios 24: 497–502.
  • Simon-Coincon R., and J. G. Astruc. 1991. Les pièges karstiques en Quercy : rôle et signification dans l’évolution des paysages. Bulletin de la société géologique de France 162:595–605.
  • Sluijs, A., S. Schouten, M. Pagani, M. Woltering, H. Brinkhuis, J. S. S. Damsté, G. R. Dickens, M. Huber, G.-J. Reichart, R. Stein, J. Matthiessen, L. J. Lourens, N. Pedentchouk, J. Backman, and K. Moran. 2006. Subtropical Arctic Ocean temperatures during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum. Nature 441: 610–613.
  • Smirnov, S. V. 1997. Additional dermal ossifications in the anuran skull: Morphological novelties or archaic elements? Russian Journal of Herpetology 4:17–27.
  • Špinar, Z. V. 1972. Tertiary Frogs from Central Europe. Academia, Prague and Junk, The Hague, 463 pp.
  • Špinar, Z.V. 1978. Latonia kolebabi Špinar, 1976 (Amphibia) and remarks on the “genus Miopelobates”. In Pokorny V. (ed.) Paleontologická konference 1977. Charles University, Prague: 289–303.
  • Stehlin, H. G. 1909. Remarques sur les faunules de mammifères des couches Eocène et Oligocène. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 9:488–520.
  • Sudre, J. 1979. Nouveaux mammifères éocènes du Sahara occidental. Palaeovertebrata 9 (3) :83-115.
  • Tanrattana, M., A. Boura, F. M. B. Jacques, L. Villier, F. Fournier, A. Enguehard, S. Cardonnet, G. Voland, A. Garcia, S. Chaouch, and D. De Franceschi. 2020. Climatic evolution in Western Europe during the Cenozoic: insights from historical collections using leaf physiognomy. Geodiversitas 42:151.
  • Thevenin, A. 1903. Etude géologique de la bordure Sud-Ouest du Massif Central. Bulletin de la société géologique de France 14:353–555.
  • Tihen, J.1962. A review of New World fossil Bufonids. The American Midland Naturalist 68:1–50.
  • Tissier, J., J.-C. Rage, and M. Laurin. 2017. Exceptional soft tissues preservation in a mummified frog-eating Eocene salamander. PeerJ5:e3861.
  • Tissier, J., J.-C. Rage, R. Boistel, V. Fernandez, N. Pollet, G. Garcia, and M. Laurin. 2016. Synchrotron analysis of a ‘mummified’ salamander (Vertebrata: Caudata) from the Eocene of Quercy, France: Exceptionally Preserved Fossil Urodele. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 177:147–164.
  • Trueb, L. 1966. Morphology and development of the skull in the frog Hyla septentrionalis. Copeia 1966:562-573.
  • Trueb, L. 1970. Evolutionary relationships of casque-headed tree frog with co-ossified skulls (family Hylidae). University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History 18:547–716.
  • Trueb, L. 1973. Bones, frogs and evolution; pp. 65–133 in J. L. Vial (ed.), Evolutionary biology of the anurans: Contemporary research on major problems. University of Missouri Press, Columbia.
  • Tschudi, J. J. 1838. Classification der Batrachier, MitBerucksichtigung der FossilenThiere Dieser Abtheilungder Reptilien. Der Buchdruckerei von Petitpierre. Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchâtel 2: 1–100.
  • Vandenberghe, N., F.J. Hilgen, R. P. Speijer, J. G. Ogg, F. M. Gradstein, O. Hammer, C. J. Hollis, and J. J. Hooker. 2012. The Paleogene Period; pp. 855-921 in F. Gradstein, J. Ogg, M. Schmitz, and G. Ogg (edts), The Geologic Time Scale. Elsevier.
  • Van der Meijden, A., A. Crottini, J. Tarrant, A. Turner, and M. Vences. 2011. Multi-locus phylogeny and evolution of reproductive modes in the Pyxicephalidae, an African endemic clade of frogs. African Journal of Herpetology 60:1–12.
  • Vasilyan, D. 2018. Eocene Western European endemic genus Thaumastosaurus : new insights into the question “Are the Ranidae known prior to the Oligocene?” PeerJ 6:e5511.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.