A new dryolestid fossil from the Late Jurassic illuminates molar root structure of dryolestids

LITERATURE CITED

• Averianov, A. O., Martin, T., & Lopatin, A. V. (2013). A new phylogeny for basal Trechnotheria and Cladotheria and affinities of South American endemic Late Cretaceous mammals. Naturwissenschaften, 100, 311–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Averianov, A. O., Martin, T., & Lopatin, A. V. (2014). The oldest dryolestid mammal from the Middle Jurassic of Siberia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 34, 924–931.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Averianov, A. O., Martin, T., Skutschas, P. P., Danilov, I. G., Schultz, J. A., Schellhorn, R., Obraztsova, E., Lopatin, A., Sytchevskaya, E., Kuzmin, I., & Krasnolutskii, S. (2016). Middle Jurassic vertebrate assemblage of Berezovsk coal mine in Western Siberia (Russia). Global Geology 19, 187–204.
   Google Scholar
• Bader, K. S. (2008). Insect trace fossils on dinosaur bones from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, northeastern Wyoming, and their use in vertebrate taphonomy. MS Thesis. Department of Geology, the University of Kansas. Pp. 1–128 (URI http://hdl.handle.net/1808/4173).
   Google Scholar
• Bader, K. S., Hasiotis, S. T., & Martin, L. D. (2009). Application of forensic science techniques to trace fossils on dinosaur bones from a quarry in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Northeastern Wyoming. Palaios, 24, 140–158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhullar B.-A. S, Manafzadeh, A., Miyamae, J.A., Hoffman, E., Brainerd, E. L., Musinsky, C., & Crompton, A. W. (2019). Rolling of the jaw is essential for mammalian chewing and tribosphenic molar function. Nature, 566, 528–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosshardt, D. D., Bergomi, M., Vaglio, G., & Wiskott, A. (2008). Regional structural characteristics of bovine periodontal ligament samples and their suitability for biomechanical tests. Journal of Anatomy, 212, 319–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs, D. E. G. (2010). Decay distorts ancestry. Nature, 463, 741–742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs, D. E. G., & McMahon, S. (2015). The role of experiments in investigating the taphonomy of exceptional preservation. Frontiers in Palaeontology 59, 1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, P. M. (1939). The teeth of the Jurassic mammals. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 109, 329–356.
   Google Scholar
• Chimento, N. R., Agnolin, F. L., & Novas, F. E. (2012). The Patagonian fossil mammal Necrolestes: a Neogene survivor of Dryolestoidea. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, n. s. 14(2), 261–306.
   Google Scholar
• Chimento, N. R., Agnolin, F. L. & Novas, F. E. (2015). The bizarre ‘metatherians’ Groeberia and Patagonia, late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals. Historical Biology, 27, 603–623. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2014.903945
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Close, R. A., Davis, B. M., Walsh, S., Woloniewicz, A. S., Friedman, M., & Benson, R. B. J. (2016). A lower jaw of Palaeoxonodon from the Middle Jurassic of the Isle of Skye, Scotland, sheds new light on the diversity of British stem therians. Palaeontology, 59, 155–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connizzo, B. K., Sun, L., Lacin, N., Gendelman, A., Solomonov, I., Sagi, I., Grodzinsky, A. J., & Naveh, G. R. S. (2021). Nonuniformity in periodontal ligament: mechanics and matrix composition. Journal of Dental Research, 100, 179–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crompton, A. W. (1971). The origin of the tribosphenic molar. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Supplement), 50, 65–87.
   Google Scholar
• Crompton, A. W., & Jenkins, F. A. (1968). Molar occlusion in Late Triassic mammals. Biological Reviews, 43, 427–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuenca-Bescós, G., Badiola, A., Canudo, J. I., Gasca, J. M., & Moreno-Azanza, M. (2010). New Dryolestidan Mammal from the Hauterivian—Barremian Transition of the Iberian Peninsula. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 56, 257–267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, B. M. (2011). Evolution of the tribosphenic molar pattern in early mammals, with comments on the “dual-origin” hypothesis. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 18, 227–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, B. M. (2012). Micro-computed tomography reveals a diversity of peramuran mammals from the Purbeck Group (Berriasian) of England. Palaeontology, 55, 789–817.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ensom, P. C., & Sigogneau-Russell, D. (1998). New dryolestoid mammals from the basal Cretaceous Purbeck Limestone Group of southern England. Palaeontology, 41, 35–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster, J. R. (2003). Paleoecological analysis of the vertebrate fauna of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), Rocky Mountain region, U.S.A. New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science Bulletin, 23, 1–95.
   Google Scholar
• Foster, J. R. (2020). The Jurassic West: the dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and their world (Second Edition). Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grossnickle, D. M., Smith, S. M., & Wilson, G. P. (2019). Untangling the multiple ecological radiations of early mammals. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 34, 936–949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper, T., Parras, A., & Rougier, G. W. (2019). Reigitherium (Meridiolestida, Mesungulatoidea) an enigmatic Late Cretaceous mammal from Patagonia, Argentina: morphology, affinities, and dental evolution. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 26, 447–478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-018-9437-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, E. M., Wible, J. R., Spaulding, M. & Luo, Z.-X. (2015). Mammalian petrosal from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Fruita, Colorado. Annals of Carnegie Museum, 83, 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jäger, K. R. K., Luo, Z.-X., & Martin. T. (2019). Postcranial skeleton of Henkelotherium guimarotae (Cladotheria, Mammalia) and locomotor adaptation. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 27, 349–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-018-09457-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelt, D. A. & Patton, J. L. (2020). A Manual of the Mammalia: An Homage to Lawlor's “Handbook to the Orders and Families of Living Mammals.” The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kermack, K. A., Mussett, F., & Rigney, H. W. (1973). The lower jaw of Morganucodon. Zoological Journal of Linnean Society 53, 87–175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L., & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the age of dinosaurs: origins, evolution, and structure. Columbia University Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Krebs, B. (1971). Evolution of the mandible and lower dentition in dryolestids (Pantotheria, Mammalia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Supplement), 50, 89–102.
   Google Scholar
• Krebs, B. (1991). Das Skelett von Henkelotherium guimarotae gen. et sp. nov. (Eupantotheria, Mammalia) aus dem Oberen Jura von Portugal. Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen A, 133, 1–110.
   Google Scholar
• Krebs, B. (1993). Das Gebiß von Crusafontia (Eupantotheria, Mammalia)—Funde aus der Unter-Kreide von Galve und Uña. Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen E, 9, 233–252.
   Google Scholar
• Lasseron, M., Martin, T., Allain, R., Haddoumi, H., Jalil, N.-E., Zouhri, S. and Gheerbrant, E. (2022). An African radiation of ‘Dryolestoidea’ (Donodontidae, Cladotheria) and its significance for mammalian evolution. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 29, 733–761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-022-09613-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeBlanc, A.R.H., & Reisz, R. R. (2013). Periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone in the oldest herbivorous tetrapods, and their evolutionary significance. PLoS One, 8, e74697. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas, P. W. (2004). Dental functional morphology: how teeth work. University of Cambridge Press.
   Google Scholar
• Luo, Z.-X. (2007). Transformation and diversification in the early mammalian evolution. Nature, 450, 1011–1019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, Z.-X., Bhullar, B.-A. S., Crompton, A. W., Neander, A. I., & Rowe, T. B. (2022). Reexamination of the mandibular and dental morphology of the Early Jurassic mammaliaform Hadrocodium wui. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 67, 95–113. https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00949.2021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, Z. X., Cifelli, R. L., & Kielan-Jaworowska Z. (2001). Dual origin of tribosphenic mammals. Nature, 409, 53–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, Z.-X., Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., & Cifelli, R. L. (2002). In quest for a phylogeny of Mesozoic mammals. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 47, 1–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, Z.-X. & Martin, T. (2023). Mandibular and dental characteristics of the Late Jurassic Mammal Henkelotherium guimarotae (Paurodontidae, Dryolestida). PalZ (Paläontologische Zeitschrift), 97, 569–619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-023-00651-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, Z.-X., Ruf, I., & Martin, T. (2012). The petrosal and inner ear of the Late Jurassic cladotherian mammal Dryolestes leiriensis and implications for evolution of ear in therian mammals. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (London), 166, 433–463.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh, O. C. (1878). Fossil mammals from the Rocky Mountains. American Journal of Science. 15, 459.
   Google Scholar
• Marsh, O. C. (1879). Notice of new Jurassic mammals. American Journal of Science, 20, 396–398.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, T. (1997). Tooth replacement in Late Jurassic Dryolestidae (Eupantotheria, Mammalia). Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 4, 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, T. (1998). The premolars of Crusafontia cuencana (Dryolestidae, Mammalia) from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) of Spain. Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen E, 28, 119–126.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, T. (1999). Dryolestidae (Dryolestoidea, Mammalia) aus dem Oberen Jura von Portugal. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 550, 1–119.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, T. (2000). The dryolestids and the small ‘peramurid’ from the Guimarota coal mine. In T. Martin & B. Krebs (Eds.), Guimarota—A Jurassic Ecosystem (pp. 109–120), Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, T. (2013). Mammalian postcranial bones from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and their implications for forelimb evolution. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33, 1432–1441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, T. (2018). Mesozoic mammals–early mammalian diversity and ecomorphological adaptations. In F. E. Zachos & R. J. Asher (Eds.), Handbook of Zoology Mammalia, Mammalian Evolution, Diversity and Systematics (pp. 199–299), De Gruyter, Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, T., Jäger, K. R. K., Plogschties, T., Schwermann, A. H., Brinkkötter, J. J., & Schultz, J. A. (2020). Molar diverstiy and functional adaptations in Mesozoic mammals. In: T. Martin, & W. v. Koenigswald (Eds.), Mammalian Teeth–Form and Function (pp. 187–214), Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, T., Averianov, A. O., Schultz, J. A., Schwermann, A. H., & Wings, O. (2021). A derived dryolestid mammal indicates possible insular endemism in the Late Jurassic of Germany. The Science of Nature, 108, 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, T., Goin, F. J., Schultz, J. A., & Gelfo J. N. (2022). Early Late Cretaceous mammals from southern Patagonia (Santa Cruz Province, Argentina). Cretaceous Research, 133, 105127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, T. & Schultz, J. A. (2023). Deciduous dentition, tooth replacement, and mandibular growth in the Late Jurassic docodontan Haldanodon exspectatus (Mammaliaformes). Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 30, 507–531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-023-09668-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinelli, A. G., Soto, S., Acuña, F. J., Goin, J., Kaluza, J. E., Bostelmann, P. H., Fonseca, M., Reguero, M. A., Leppe, M., & Vargas, A. O. (2021). New cladotherian mammal from southern Chile and the evolution of mesungulatid meridiolestidans at the dusk of the Mesozoic era. Scientific Reports, 11, 7594. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87245-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenna. M. C. (1975). Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Mammalia. In W. P. Luckett, & F. S. Szalay (Eds.), Phylogeny of the Primates (pp. 21–46). Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Naveh, G. R. S., Foster, J. E., Silva Santisteban, T. M., Yang, X., & Olsen, B. R. (2018). Nonuniformity in ligaments is a structural strategy for optimizing functionality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115, 9008–9013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Meara, R. N., & Thompson, R. S. (2014). Were there Miocene meridiolestidans? Assessing the phylogenetic placement of Necrolestes patagonensis and the presence of a 40 million year meridiolestidan ghost lineage. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 21, 271–284. doi.org/10.1007/s10914-013-9252-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panciroli, E. L., Benson, R. B. J., & Luo, Z.-X. (2019). The mandible and dentition of Borealestes serendipitus (Docodonta) from the Middle Jurassic of Skye, Scotland. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39, e1621884 (17 pages) (doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2019.1621884).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parrington, F. R. (1971). On the Upper Triassic mammals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 261, 231–272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, B. (1956). Early Cretaceous mammals and the evolution of mammalian molar teeth. Fieldiana: Geology, 13, 1–105.
   Google Scholar
• Prothero, D. R. (1981). New Jurassic mammals from Como Bluff, Wyoming, and the interrelationships of non-tribosphenic Theria. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 167, 277–326.
   Google Scholar
• Rougier, G. W., Apesteguía, S., & Gaetano, L. C. (2011). Highly specialized mammalian skulls from the Late Cretaceous of South America. Nature, 479, 98–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rougier, G. W., Wible, J. R., Beck, R. M. D., & Apesteguía, S. (2012). The Miocene mammal Necrolestes demonstrates the survival of a Mesozoic nontherian lineage into the late Cenozoic of South America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 49, 20053–20058.
   Google Scholar
• Rougier, G. W., A. G. Martinelli, & Forasiepi, A. M. (2021a). Mesozoic mammals from South America and their forerunners. Springer Earth System Sciences, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• Rougier, G. W., Turazzinni, G. F., Cardozo, M. S., Harper, T., Lires, A. I., & Canessa, L A. (2021b). New specimens of Reigitherium bunodontum from the Late Cretaceous La Colonia Formation, Patagonia, Argentina and meridiolestidan diversity in South America. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 28, 1051–1081. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-021-09585-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sansom, R. S., & Willis, M. A. (2013). Fossilization causes organisms to appear erroneously primitive by distorting evolutionary trees. Scientific Reports, 3, 2545. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep02545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sansom, R. S., Gabbott, S. E., & Purnell, M. A. (2010). Non-random decay of chordate characters causes bias in fossil interpretation. Nature, 463, 797–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz, J. A., & Martin, T., (2011). Wear pattern and functional morphology of dryolestoid molars (Mammalia, Cladotheria). Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 85, 269–285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz, J. A., & Martin, T. (2014). Function of pretribosphenic and tribosphenic mammalian molars inferred from 3D animation. Naturwissenschaften, 101, 771–781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz, J. A., Bhullar, B.-A.S., & Luo, Z.-X. (2019). Re-examination of the Jurassic mammaliaform Docodon victor by computed tomography and occlusal functional analysis. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 26, 9–38. (doi.org/10.1007/s10914-017-9418) (published online in 2017).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Self, C. J. (2015a). Cricetid rodents: is molar root morphology an indicator of diet. Zoomorphology 134, 309–316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Self, C. J. (2015b). Dental root size in bats with diets of different hardness. Journal of Morphology, 276, 1065–1074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigogneau-Russell, D. (1991). Découverte du premier mammifères tribosphénique du Mésozoïque africain. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie desSciences de Paris (Série II), 313, 1635–1640.
   Google Scholar
• Simpson, G. G. (1927). Mesozoic Mammalia. VI. Genera of Morrison pantotheres. American Journal of Science, 13, 409–416.
   Google Scholar
• Simpson, G. G. (1928). A Catalogue of the Mesozoic Mammalia in the Geological Department of the British Museum. London: Trustees of the British Museum.
   Google Scholar
• Simpson, G. G. (1929). American Mesozoic Mammalia. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Yale University, 3, 1–235.
   Google Scholar
• Spencer, M. A. (2003). Tooth-root form and function in Platyrrhine seed-eaters. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 122, 325–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stynder, D. D. & Kupczik, K. (2013). Tooth root morphology in the Early Pliocene African Bear Agriotherium africanum (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ursidae) and its implications for feeding ecology. Journal of Mammal Evolution, 20, 227–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulej, T., Krzesiński, G., Tałanda, M., Wolniewicz, A. S., Błażejowski, B., Bonde, N., Gutowski, P., Sienkiewicz, M., & Niedźwiedzki, G. (2020). The earliest-known mammaliaform fossil from Greenland sheds light on origin of mammals. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences U.S.A., 117, 26861–26867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swofford, D. L. 2003. PAUP*. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and Other Methods). Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Trujillo, K. C., Chamberlain, K. R., & Strickland, A. (2006). Oxfordian U/Pb ages from SHRIMP analysis for Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of southeastern Wyoming with implications for biostratigraphic correlations. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 38(6), 7.
   Google Scholar
• Ungar, P. S. (2010). Mammal Teeth: Origin, Evolution, and Diversity. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, J., & Feng J. Q. (2017). Signaling pathways critical for tooth root formation. Journal of Dental Research, 96, 1221–1228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, L. N., Varricchio, D. J., Sargis, E. J., Chen, M., Freimuth, W. J., & Wilson Mantilla, G. P. (2021). Early mammalian social behavior revealed by multituberculates from a dinosaur nesting site. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 5, 32–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wible, J. R., & Rougier, G. W. (2017). Craniomandibular anatomy of the subterranean meridiolestidan Necrolestes patagonensis Ameghino, 1891 (Mammalia, Cladotheria) from the Early Miocene of Patagonia. Annals of Carnegie Museum, 84, 183–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, C.-F., Bhullar, B.-A. S., Neander, A. I., Martin, T., & Luo, Z.-X. (2019). New Jurassic mammaliaform sheds light on early evolution of mammal-like hyoid bones. Science, 365, 276–279. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau9345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar