Determining spatial span: The role of movement time and articulation rate

References

• Abrams , R. A. , Meyer , D. E. and Kornblum , S. 1989 . Speed and accuracy of saccadic eye movements: Characteristics of impulse variability in the occulomotor system . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 15 : 529 – 543 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. 1986 . Working memory , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. and Hitch , G. J. 1974 . “ Working memory ” . In Advances in learning and motivation 8 , Edited by: Bower , G. New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. and Wilson , B. 1985 . Phonological coding and short-term memory in patients without speech . Journal of Memory and Language , 24 : 490 – 502 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. , Thomson , N. and Buchanan , M. 1975 . Word length and the structure of short-term memory . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 14 : 575 – 589 .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. , Lewis , V. and Vallar , G. 1984 . Exploring the articulatory loop . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 36A : 281 – 289 .
   Google Scholar
• Besner , J. , Davies , J. and Daniels , S. 1981 . Reading for meaning: The effects of concurrent articulation . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 33A : 415 – 437 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blankenship , A. B. 1938 . Memory span: A review of the literature . Psychological Bulletin , 35 : 1 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Botros , W. A. , Ankier , S. I. , Priest , R. G. , McManus , I. C. , Steinert , J. and Samir , Z. J. 1989 . Clinical assessment of performance tasks in depression . British Journal of Psychiatry , 155 : 475 – 482 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , G. D.A. , Hulme , C. , McMahon , G. , Scholey , K. and Cook , V. The causal determinants of memory span: Against simple trace decay (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Chi , M. T.H. 1976 . Short-term memory limitations in children: Capacity or processing deficits? . Memory and Cognition , 4 : 559 – 572 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dempster , F. N. 1981 . Memory span: Sources of individual and developmental differences . Psychological Bulletin , 89 ( 1 ) : 63 – 100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Renzi , E. and Nichelli , P. 1975 . Verbal and non-verbal short memory impairment following hemispheric damage . Cortex , 11 : 341 – 354 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Renzi , E. , Faglioni , P. and Previdi , P. 1977 . Spatial memory and hemispheric locus of control . Cortex , 13 : 424 – 433 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , N. C. and Hennelly , R. A. 1980 . A bi-lingual word length effect: Implications for intelligence testing and the relative ease of mental calculation . British Journal of Psychology , 71 : 43 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanner , E. W. , Berman , J. V.F. and Fletcher , Y. L. 1986 . Evidence for a visuo-spatial scratch pad in working memory . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 38A : 675 – 688 .
   Google Scholar
• Fitts , P. M. 1954 . The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movements . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 47 : 381 – 391 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Galton , F. 1887 . Notes on prehension in idiots . Mind , 12 : 79 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Hanley , J. R. , Young , A. W. and Pearson , N. A. 1991 . Impairment of the visuo-spatial scratch pad . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 43A : 101 – 125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitch , G. J. , Halliday , M. S. and Littler , J. E. 1989 . Item identification time and rehearsal rate as predictors of memory span in children . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 41A : 321 – 338 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitch , G. J. , Halliday , M. S. and Littler , J. E. Development of memory span for spoken words: The role of rehearsal and item identification processes . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , (in press)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulme , C. , Maughan , S. and Brown , G. D.A. 1991 . Memory for words and non-words: Evidence for a long-term memory contribution to short-term memory tasks . Journal of Memory and Language , 30 : 685 – 701 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulme , C. , Thomson , N. , Muir , C. and Lawrence , A. 1984 . Speech rate and the development of short-term memory span . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 38 : 241 – 253 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaacs , E. B. and Vargha-Khadem , F. 1989 . Differential course of development of spatial and verbal memory span: A normative study . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 7 : 377 – 380 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jagacinski , R. J. and Monk , D. L. 1985 . Fitts' Law in two dimensions with hand and head movements . Journal of Motor Behavior , 17 : 77 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logie , R. H. 1986 . Visuo-spatial processing in working memory . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 38A : 229 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenna , P. J. 1987 . “ Depression ” . In Depression and Mania: Modern lithium therapy , Edited by: Johnson , F. N. Oxford : IRL Press .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , D. E. , Smith , J. E.K. , Kornblum , S. , Abrams , R. A. and Wright , C. E. 1990 . “ Speed-accuracy tradeoffs in aimed movements: Toward a theory of rapid voluntary action ” . In Attention and performance 13: Motor representation and control , Edited by: Jeannerod , M. Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Milner , B. 1971 . Interhemispheric differences in the location of psychological processes in man . British Medical Bulletin , 27 : 272 – 277 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moar , I. T. 1978 . Mental triangulation and the nature of internal representations (Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Cambridge)
   Google Scholar
• Morris , N. 1987 . Exploring the visuo-spatial scratch pad . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 39A : 409 – 430 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orsini , A. , Grossi , D. , Capitani , E. , Laiacona , M. , Papagno , C. and Vallar , G. 1987 . Verbal and spatial immediate memory span: Normative data from 1355 adults and 1112 children . Italian Journal of Neurological Science , 8 : 539 – 548 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salame , P. and Baddeley , A. D. 1982 . Disruption of short-term memory by unattended speech: Implications for the study of working memory . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 21 : 150 – 164 .
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt , R. A. , Zelaznik , H. N. , Hawkins , B. , Frank , J. S. and Quinn , J. T. 1979 . Motor output variability: A theory for the accuracy of rapid motor acts . Psychological Review , 86 : 415 – 451 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schofield , N. J. and Ashman , A. F. 1986 . The relationship between digit span and cognitive processing across ability groups . Intelligence , 10 : 59 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth , M. M. , Pearson , N. A. and Pendleton , L. R. 1988 . Movement and working memory: Patterns and positions in space . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 40A : 497 – 514 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth , M. M. and Pelky , P. 1992 . Short-term retention of spatial information . British Journal of Psychology , 83 : 359 – 374 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth , M. M. and Pendleton , L. R. 1989 . Working memory for movements . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 41A : 235 – 250 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth , M. M. and Pendleton , L. R. 1990 . Space and movement in working memory . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 42A : 291 – 304 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth , M. M. and Scholey , K. A. The role of movement time and item similarity in serial recall of spatial locations (submitted)
   Google Scholar
• Tehan , G. and Humphreys , M. S. 1988 . Articulatory loop explanations of memory span and pronunciation rate correspondences: A cautionary note . Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society , 26 : 293 – 296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , J. T.L. , Scott , J. H. and Power , K. G. 1987 . Developmental differences in the span of visual memory for patterns . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 5 : 249 – 255 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar