An anxiety-related bias in semantic activation when processing threat/neutral homographs

References

• Beck , A. T. 1976 . Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders , New York : International Universities Press .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. , Emery , G. and Greenberg , R. L. 1985 . Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. , Ward , C. H. , Mendelson , M. , Mock , J. E. and Erbaugh , J. K. 1961 . An inventory for measuring depression . Archives of General Psychiatry , 4 : 561 – 571 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bower , G. H. 1981 . Mood and memory . American Psychologist , 36 : 129 – 148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler , G. and Mathews , A. 1983 . Cognitive processes in anxiety . Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy , 5 : 51 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalgleish , T. and Watts , F. N. 1990 . Biases of attention and memory in disorders of anxiety and depression . Clinical Psychology Review , 20 : 589 – 604 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• den Heyer , K. , Briand , K. and Dannenbring , G. L. 1983 . Strategic factors in a lexical decision task: Evidence for automatic and attention-driven processes . Memory & Cognition , 11 : 374 – 381 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenck , M. W. 1984 . A handbook of cognitive psychology , Hove : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck , M. W. and Keane , M. T. 1990 . Cognitive psychology: A student's handbook , Hove : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck , M. W. , MacLeod , C. and Mathews , A. 1987 . Cognitive functioning in anxiety . Psychological Research , 49 : 189 – 195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenck , M. W. , Mogg , K. , May , J. , Richards , A. and Mathews , A. 1991 . Interpretation of ambiguity related to threat in anxiety . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 100 : 144 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio , R. H. , Sanbonmatsu , D. M. , Powell , M. C. and Kardes , F. R. 1986 . On the automatic activation of attitudes . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 50 : 229 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French , C. C. and Richards , A. 1992 . Word association norms for a set of threat/neutral homographs . Cognition & Emotion , 6 : 65 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French , C. C. , Richards , A. and Smith , D. Development and use of word association norms for a set of threat/neutral homographs . Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the British Psychological Society . April 1990 . University College of Swansea .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , A. B. and Kemp-Wheeler , S. M. 1989 . The influence of context on lexical decision times for emotionally aversive words . Current Psychology: Research & Reviews , 8 : 219 – 227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod , C. 1990 . “ Mood disorders and cognition ” . In Cognitive psychology: An international review , Edited by: Eysenck , M. W. 9 – 56 . Chichester : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• MacLeod , C. and Mathews , A. 1991 . Biased cognitive operations in anxiety: Accessibility of informations or the assignment of processing priorities? . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 29 : 599 – 610 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod , C. , Mathews , A. and Tata , P. 1986 . Attentional bias in emotional disorders . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 95 : 15 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews , A. 1990 . Why worry? The cognitive function of anxiety . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 28 : 455 – 468 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews , A. , Mogg , K. , May , J. and Eysenck , M. W. 1989 . Implicit and explicit memory bias in anxiety . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 98 : 236 – 240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews , A. , Richards , A. and Eysenck , M. W. 1989 . Interpretation of homophones related to threat in anxiety states . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 98 : 31 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neely , J. H. 1976 . Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Evidence for facilitatory and inhibitory processes . Memory & Cognition , 4 : 648 – 654 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neely , J. H. 1977 . Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Role of inhibition-less spreading activation and limited-capacity attention . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 106 : 226 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , D. L. , McEvoy , C. L. , Walling , J. R. and Wheeler , J. W. 1980 . The University of South Florida homograph norms . Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation , 12 : 16 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner , M. I. and Snyder , C. R.R. 1975 . “ Facilitation and inhibition in the processing of signals ” . In Attention and performance VP. , Edited by: Rabbitt , M. A. and Dornic , S. 669 – 682 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Raven , J. C. , Court , J. H. and Raven , J. 1977 . Manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabularly Scales , London : H.K. Lewis .
   Google Scholar
• Richards , A. and French , C. C. 1990 . Central versus peripheral presentation of stimuli in an emotional Stroop task . Anxiety Research , 3 : 41 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Richards , A. and French , C. C. 1991 . Effects of encoding and anxiety on implicit and explicit memory performance . Personality and Individual Differences , 12 : 131 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards , A. and Millwood , B. 1989 . Colour-identification of differentially valenced words in anxiety . Cognition & Emotion , 3 : 171 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Simpson , G. B. and Burgess , C. 1985 . Activation and selection processes in the recognition of ambiguous words . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 11 : 28 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielberger , C. D. , Gorsuch , R. L. , Lushene , R. , Vagg , P. R. and Jacobs , G. A. 1983 . Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y) , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K. E. and West , R. F. 1979 . Mechanisms of sentence context effects in reading: Automatic activation and conscious attention . Memory & Cognition , 7 : 77 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K. E. and West , R. F. 1981 . The effect of sentence context on ongoing word recognition: Tests of a two-process theory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 7 : 658 – 672 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , J. M.G. and Nulty , D. D. 1986 . Construct accessibility, depression and the emotional Stroop task: Transient mood or stable structure? . Personality and Individual Differences , 7 : 485 – 491 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , J. M.G. , Watts , F. N. , MacLeod , C. and Mathews , A. 1988 . Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders , Chichester : Wiley .
   Google Scholar