Race‐gender variations in the demographic characteristics of doctoral scientists

References

• Aldrich , Michele L. 1978 . “Women in science.” . Signs , 4 : 126 – 135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , Walter R. 1981 . “The social and economic statuses of black women in the United States.” . Phylon , 42 : 26 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Astin , Alexander W. 1982 . Minorities in American Higher Education , San Francisco : Jossey‐Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Blalock , Hubert M. Jr. 1972 . Social Statistics , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , F. and Stent , M. D. 1977 . Minorities in U.S. Institutions of Higher Education , New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Cole , Jonathan R. 1981 . “Women in science.” . American Scientist , 69 : 385 – 391 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole , Jonathan R. and Cole , Stephen . 1973 . Social Stratification in Science , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Conyers , James E. and Epps , Edgar G. 1974 . “A profile of black sociologists.” . In Black Sociologists: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives , Edited by: Black‐well , James E. and Janowitz , Morris . 231 – 252 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• 1978 . “Number of women, blacks takes big jump at colleges.” . Durham Morning Herald , 11 June : 2A Sunday
   Google Scholar
• Epps , Edgar G. and Howze , Glenn R. 1971 . “ Survey of Black Social Scientists. Report to Russell Sage Foundation ” . In Black Sociologists: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives , Edited by: Blackwell , James and Janowitz , Morris . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Epstein , Cynthia F. 1973 . “Positive effects of the multiple negative: Explaining the success of black professional women.” . American Journal of Sociology , 78 : 912 – 934 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiedlein , K. Sept. 9 . “Slow fade to white integration's price: Black colleges?” . In The Charlotte Observer Sept. 9 , Charlotte, N.C. Sunday
   Google Scholar
• Freeman , Richard B. 1976 . Black Elite: The New Market for Highly Educated Black Americans , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Glenn , Norval D. and Gotard , Erin . 1977 . “The religion of blacks in the United States: Some recent trends and current characteristics.” . American Journal of Sociology , 83 : 443 – 451 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon , Lindsey R. 1965 . Profiles of Ph.D.’s in the Sciences , Publication #1293 Washington, D.C. : National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council .
   Google Scholar
• Heins , Marilyn , Smock , Sue and Martindale , Lois . 1978 . “Current status of women physicians.” . International Journal of Women's Studies , 1 : 297 – 305 .
   Google Scholar
• Hurd , Paul D. 1982 . “Illiteracy in math and science is increasing.” . Winston‐Salem Journal and Sentinel , 22 May : 5 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Jay , James M. 1971 . Negroes in Science: Natural Science Doctorates, 1876–1969 , Detroit : Balamp .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1977 . “Black Americans in science.” . In Minorities in Science: The Challenge for Change in Biomedicine , Edited by: Melnick and Hamilton , F. D. 3 – 7 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• National Board on Graduate Education . 1976 . Minority Group Participation in Graduate Education , Washington, D.C. : National Academy of Science .
   Google Scholar
• National Science Foundation and Department of Education . October 1980 . Science and Engineering Education for the 1980s and Beyond , October , Washington, D.C. : National Science Foundation and Department of Education .
   Google Scholar
• National Science Foundation . 1982 . Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering , Washington, D.C. : National Science Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Pearson , Willie Jr. 1982 . “The social origins of black American doctorates in the sciences.” . Sociological Spectrum , 2 : 13 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrucci , Carolyn C. 1970 . “Minority status and the pursuit of professional careers: Women in science and engineering.” . Social Forces , 49 : 245 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poinsett , A. 1978 . “Education and the new generation.” . 33 Ebony : 70 72 74
   Google Scholar
• Scanzoni , John E. 1971 . The Black Family in Modern Society , Boston : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Staples , Robert . 1979 . “The myth of black macho: A response to angry black feminists.” . The Black Scholar , 10 : 24 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes , C. Shannon , Crader , Kelly W. and Smith , Jack . 1977 . “Race, education and fertility: A comparison of Black‐White reproductive behavior.” . Phylon , 38 : 160 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , Gail E. , Mingle , James R. and McPartland , James M. 1981 . “Recent trends in racial enrollment segregation, degree attainment in higher education.” . In Black Students in Higher Education: Conditions and Experiences in the 1970's , Edited by: Thomas , Gail . 107 – 125 . Westport, CT : Greenwood .
   Google Scholar
• Vetter , Betty M. 1981 . “Degree completion by women and minorities in science increases.” . Science , 212 : 6 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Weinberg , Meyer . 1977 . Minority Students: A Research Appraisal , Washington, D.C. : U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. National Institute of Education .
   Google Scholar
• Widom , Cathy S. and Burke , Barbara W. 1978 . “Performance, attitudes, and professional socialization of women in academia.” . Sex Roles , 4 : 549 – 562 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , Herman A. and Young , Barbara A. 1974 . Scientists in the Black Perspective , Louisville : Lincoln Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1976 . “Black doctorates: Myth vs. reality.” . Chemical Technology , 6 : 296 – 299 .
   Google Scholar
• Zuckerman , Harriet . “Women and blacks in American science: The principle of the double penalty.” . Paper presented at the Symposium on Women and Minority Groups in American Science and Engineering . California Institute of Technology .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1977 . Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zuckerman , Harriet and Cole , Jonathan R. 1975 . “Women in American science.” . Minerva , 13 : 82 – 102 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar