Publication Cover
Sociological Spectrum
Mid-South Sociological Association
Volume 40, 2020 - Issue 2
411
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Work satisfaction in a rapidly feminized profession: assessing the intersection of gender, parenting and support resources among veterinary doctors

&

References

  • American Association of University Women. 2015. The Simple Truth about the Gender Pay Gap. Washington, DC: The American Association of University Women.
  • Acker, J. 1990. “Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies: A Theory of Gendered Organizations.” Gender and Society 4(2):139–58. doi:10.1177/089124390004002002.
  • Adams, T. L. 2010. “Gender and Feminization in Health Care Professionals.” Sociology Compass 4 (7):454–65. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00294.x.
  • Aguinis, H., and E. Stone-Romero. 1997. “Methodological Artifacts in Moderated Multiple Regression and Their Effects on Statistical Power.” Journal of Applied Psychology 82(1):192–206. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.1.192.
  • American Psychological Association, Committee on Women in Psychology. 2017. “The Changing Gender Composition of Psychology: Update and Expansion of the 1995 Task Force Report.” Retrieved April 7, 2020 (http://www.apa.org/women/programs/gender-composition/index.aspx).
  • Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges. 2017. Annual Data Report, 2016-2017. Retrieved April 7, 2020 (https://www.aavmc.org/data/files/data/2017%20aavmc%20public%20data-%20final.pdf).
  • Ball, J. 2010. “Father Involvement in Canada: An Emerging Movement.” Childhood Education 87(2):113–8. doi:10.1080/00094056.2011.10521455.
  • Blanch, A., and A. Aluja. 2012. “Social Support (Family and Supervisor).” Human Relations 65(7):811–33. doi:10.1177/0018726712440471.
  • Blau, F. D., and L. M. Kahn. 2006. “The U.S. Gender Pay Gap in the 1990s: Slowing Convergence.” Ilr Review 60(1):45–66.
  • Blau, F. D., and L. M. Kahn. 2017. “The Gender Wage Gap: Extent, Trends, and Explanations.” Journal of Economic Literature 55(3):789–865. doi:10.1257/jel.20160995.
  • Boles, J., W. G. Howard, and H. Donofrio. 2001. “An Investigation into the Inter-Relationships of Work–Family Conflict, Family–Work Conflict and Work Satisfaction.” Journal of Managerial Issues 13(3):376–90.
  • Bowling, Nathan A., Kevin J. Eschleman, and Qiang Wang. 2010. “A Meta-Aalytic Examination of the Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Subjective Well-Being.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 83(4):915–34. doi:10.1348/096317909X478557.
  • Bradley, J. 2011. “Lessons from My Life’s Work.” Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics 1(3):135–7. doi:10.1353/nib.2011.0053.
  • Brayfield, A., and H. Rothe. 1951. “An Index of Job Satisfaction.” Journal of Applied Psychology 35(5):307–31. doi:10.1037/h0055617.
  • Britton, D. M. 2000. “The Epistemology of the Gendered Organization.” Gender and Society 14(3):418–34. doi:10.1177/089124300014003004.
  • Buchanan, T. 2005. “The Paradox of the Contended Female Worker in a Traditionally Female Industry.” Sociological Spectrum 25(6):677–713. doi:10.1080/02732170500256682.
  • Buchanan, T. 2008. “The Same-Sex Referent-Work Satisfaction Relationship: Assessing the Mediating Role of Distributive Justice Perceptions.” Sociological Focus 41(2):177–96. doi:10.1080/00380237.2008.10571329.
  • Buchanan, T., A. Das, and A. McFarlane. 2020. “Gender Differences in within-Couple Influences on Work-Family Balance Satisfaction: When Benefits Become Threats.” Journal of Family Studies 26(1):106–25.
  • Buchanan, T., A. McFarlane, and A. Das. 2018. “Educational Attainment and the Gender Gap in Childcare in Canada: A Decomposition Analysis.” Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research 12(4):458–76. doi:10.1177/0973801018786133.
  • Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2014. “Labor Force Characteristics by Race and Ethnicity, 2013.” Report 1050, Bureau of Labor Statistics Reports. Retrieved April 7, 2020 from Bureau of Labor Statistics website: https://www.bls.gov.
  • Canadian Veterinary Medical Association. 2018. Statistics: Veterinary Demographics (2018). Retrieved April 7, 2020 (https://www.canadianveterinarians.net/about/statistics).
  • Cassirer, N., and B. Reskin. 2000. “High Hopes: Organizational Position, Employment Experiences, and Women’s and Men’s Promotional Aspirations.” Work and Occupations 27(4):438–63. doi:10.1177/0730888400027004002.
  • Clark, M. A., C. W. Rudolph, L. Zhdanova, J. S. Michel, and B. B. Baltes. 2017. “Organizational Support Factors and Work-Family Outcomes: Exploring Gender Differences.” Journal of Family Issues 38(11):1520–45. doi:10.1177/0192513X15585809.
  • Clarke, C., and D. Knights. 2019. “Who’s a Good Boy Then? Anthropocentric Masculinities in Veterinary Practice.” Gender, Work and Organization 26(3):267–87. doi:10.1111/gwao.12244.
  • Clow, K. A., R. Ricciardelli, and W. J. Bartfay. 2015. “Are You Man Enough to Be a Nurse? the Impact of Ambivalent Sexism and Role Congruity on Perceptions of Men and Women in Nursing Advertisements.” Sex Roles 72(7–8):363–76. doi:10.1007/s11199-014-0418-0.
  • Cohen, J. 1992. “A Power Primer.” Psychological Bulletin 112(1):155–9. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155.
  • Cottingham, Marci D., Rebecca J. Erickson, and James M. Diefendorff. 2015. “Examining Men’s Status Shield and Status Bonus: How Gender Frames the Emotional Labor of Job Satisfaction of Nurses.” Sex Roles 72(7–8):377–89. doi:10.1007/s11199-014-0419-z.
  • Crosby, F. J. 1982. Relative Deprivation and Working Women. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Demerouti, E., A. Bakker, and P. Voydanoff. 2010. “Does Home Life Interfere with or Facilitate Job Performance?” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 19(2):128–49. doi:10.1080/13594320902930939.
  • Floge, Liliane, and Deborah M. Merril. 1986. “Tokenism Reconsidered: Male Nurses and Female Physicians in a Hospital Setting.” Social Forces 64(4):925–47. doi:10.1093/sf/64.4.925.
  • Fruh, S., J. Fulkerson, M. Mulekar, L. A. Kendrick, and C. Clanton. 2011. “The Surprising Benefits of the Family Meal.” The Journal for Nurse Practitioners 7(1):18–22. doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2010.04.017.
  • Ganster, D. C., M. R. Fusilier, and B. T. Mayes. 1986. “Role of Social Support in the Experience of Stress at Work.” Journal of Applied Psychology 71(1):102–10. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.71.1.102.
  • Griffin, M., M. Patterson, and M. West. 2001. “Job Satisfaction and Team Work: The Role of Supervisory Support.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 22(5):537–50. doi:10.1002/job.101.
  • Hochschild, A. R. 1983/2003. The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Irvine, L., and J. Vermilya. 2010. “Gendered Work in a Feminized Profession: The Case of Veterinary Medicine.” Gender and Society 24(1):56–82. doi:10.1177/0891243209355978.
  • Jacob, J., S. Allen, J. Hill, N. Mead, and M. Ferris. 2008. “Work Interference with Dinnertime as a Mediator and Moderator between Work Hours and Work and Family Outcomes.” Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal 36(4):310–27. doi:10.1177/1077727X08316025.
  • Jovanovic, A., and J. E. Wallace. 2013. “Lean on Me: An Exploratory Study of Spousal Support Received by Physicians.” Psychological Health Medicine 18(5):543–51. doi:10.1080/13548506.2013.765018.
  • Judge, T. A., H. M. Weiss, J. D. Kammeyer-Mueller, and C. L. Hulin. 2017. “Job Attitudes, Job Satisfaction, and Job Affect: A Century of Continuity and Change.” Journal of Applied Psychology 102(3):356–374. doi:10.1037/apl0000181.
  • Kanter, Rosabeth M. 1977. Men and Women of the Corporation. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Keaveny, T., and E. Inderrieden. 2000. “Gender Differences in Pay Satisfaction and Pay Expectations.” Journal of Managerial Issues 12(3):363–79.
  • Kifle, T., P. Kler, and S. Shankar. 2014. “Are Women Really That Happy at Work? Australian Evidence on the ‘Contented Female.” Applied Economics 46(7):686–97. doi:10.1080/00036846.2013.851781.
  • Kleven, H., C. Landais, and J. Søgaar. 2018. “Children and Gender Inequality: Evidence from Denmark.” NBER Working Paper Series, 24219. doi:10.3386/w24219.
  • Kulik, L. 2016. “Explaining Men’s and Women’s Participation in Household Labor: Is There a Need to Reconsider Existing Theoretical Perspectives?” Asian Women 32(4):45–72. doi:10.14431/aw.2016.12.32.4.45.
  • Kundu, S., and K. Lata. 2017. “Effects of Supportive Work Environment on Employee Satisfaction.” International Journal of Organizational Analysis 25(4):703–22. doi:10.1108/IJOA-12-2016-1100.
  • Kushner, K. E., N. Sopcak, R. Breitkreuz, N. Pitre, D. L. Williamson, G. Rempel, M. Stewart, and N. Letourneau. 2017. “On Shifting Ground: First-Time Parents’ Ideal World of Paid Work and Family Time.” Community, Work and Family 20(2):119–41. doi:10.1080/13668803.2015.1074546.
  • LaPierre, L. M., P. E. Spector, T. D. Allen, S. Poelmans, C. L. Cooper, M. P. Driscoll, J. I. Sanchez, P. Brough, and U. Kinnunen. 2008. “Family-Supportive Organization Perceptions, Multiple Dimensions of Work–Family Conflict, and Employee Satisfaction: A Test of Model across Five Samples.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 73(1):92–106. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2008.02.001.
  • Levant, R. F. 2011. “Research in the Psychology of Men and Masculinity Using the Gender Role Strain Paradigm as a Framework.” Psychology of Men and Masculinity 66(8):765–76. doi:10.1037/a0025034.
  • Lingard, H., and V. Francis. 2006. “Does a Supportive Work Environment Moderate the Relationship between Work‐Family Conflict and Burnout among Construction Professionals?” Construction Management and Economics 24(2):185–96. doi:10.1080/14697010500226913.
  • Lips, H., and K. Lawson. 2009. “Work Values, Gender, and Expectations about Work Commitment and Pay: Laying the Groundwork for the Motherhood Penalty?” Sex Roles 61(9–10):667–76. doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9670-0.
  • Marsden, P., A. Kalleberg, and C. Cook. 1993. “Gender Differences in Organizational Commitment: Influence of Work Positions and Family Roles.” Work and Occupations 20(3):368–90. doi:10.1177/0730888493020003005.
  • Martinengo, G., J. I. Jacob, and E. J. Hill. 2010. “Gender and the Work-Family Interface: Exploring Differences across the Family Life Course.” Journal of Family Issues 31(10):1363–90. doi:10.1177/0192513X10361709.
  • McDuff, E. 2001. “The Gender Paradox in Work Satisfaction and the Protestant Clergy.” Sociology of Religion 62(1):1–21. doi:10.2307/3712228.
  • Mitchell, M. 2012. Interpreting and Visualizing Regression Models Using Stata. College Station, TX: A Stata Press Publication.
  • Moyer, M., and A. Burlock. 2018. “Time Use: Total Work Burden, Unpaid Work, and Leisure. Women in Canada: A Gender-Based Statistical Report.” (Catalogue no. 89-503-X). Retrieved April 7, 2020 Statistics Canada website: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/89-503-x/2015001/article/54931-eng.htm
  • Mueller, C., and J. E. Wallace. 1996. “Justice and the Paradox of the Contented Female Worker.” Social Psychology Quarterly 59(4):338–49. doi:10.2307/2787075.
  • Noonan, M. C., S. B. Estes, and J. L. Glass. 2007. “Do Workplace Flexibility Policies Influence Time Spent in Domestic Labor?” Journal of Family Issues 28(2):263–88. doi:10.1177/0192513X06292703.
  • OECD. 2019. “Hours Worked: Average Annual Hours Actually Worked.” OECD Employment and Labour Market Statistics (Database) https://doi:10.1787/data-00303-en (accessed on 12 February 2019).
  • Ostroff, C., and L. E. Atwater. 2003. “Does Whom You Work with Matter? Effects of Referent Group Gender and Age Composition on Managers’ Compensation.” Journal of Applied Psychology 88(4):725–40. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.4.725.
  • Phelan, J. 1994. “The Paradox of the Contented Female Worker: An Assessment of Alternative Explanations.” Social Psychology Quarterly 57(2):95–107. doi:10.2307/2786704.
  • Presti, A. L., F. D’Aloisio, and S. Pluviano. 2016. “With a Little Help from My Family: A Mixed-Method Study on the Outcomes of Family Support and Workload.” Europe’s Journal of Psychology 12(4):584–603. doi:10.5964/ejop.v12i4.1159.
  • Prieto, I. M., and M. P. Perez-Santana. 2014. “Managing Innovative Work Behavior: The Role of Human Resource Practices.” Personnel Review 43(2):184–208. doi:10.1108/PR-11-2012-0199.
  • Radcliffe, L. S., and C. Cassell. 2014. “Resolving Couples’ Work-Family Conflicts: The Complexity of Decision Making and the Introduction of a New Framework.” Human Relations 67(7):793–819. doi:10.1177/0018726713506022.
  • Ridgeway, C. 2011. Framed by Gender: How Inequality Persists in the Modern World. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Semega, J. L., K. R. Fontenot, and M. A. Kollar. 2017. “U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports. Income and Poverty in the United States: 2016.” Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • Shen-Miller, D., and A. P. Smiler. 2015. “Men in Female-Dominated Vocations: A Rationale for Academic Study and Introduction to the Special Issue.” Sex Roles 72(7–8):269–76. doi:10.1007/s11199-015-0471-3.
  • Shih, T. H., and X. Fan. 2008. “Comparing Response Rates from Web and Mail Surveys: A Meta-Analysis.” Field Methods 20(3):249–71. doi:10.1177/1525822X08317085.
  • Shockley, K. M., and N. Singla. 2011. “Reconsidering Work-Family Interactions and Satisfaction: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Management 37(3):861–86. doi:10.1177/0149206310394864.
  • Simon, R. 1995. “Gender, Multiple Roles, Role Meaning, and Mental Health.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 36(2):182–94. doi:10.2307/2137224.
  • Sinclair, M., J. O’Toole, M. Malawaraarachchi, and K. Leder. 2012. “Comparison of Response Rates and Cost-Effectiveness for a Community-Based Survey: Postal, Internet and Telephone Modes with Generic or Personalised Recruitment Approaches.” BMC Medical Research Methodology 12(1):132. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-12-132.
  • Sloan, M. 2017. “Gender Differences in Commitment to State Employment: The Role of Coworker Relationships.” Public Personnel Management 46(2):170–87. doi:10.1177/0091026017702612.
  • Smith, C. A. 2006. “The Gender Shift in Veterinary Medicine: Cause and Effect.” Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 36(2):329–39. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.11.001.
  • Sobiraj, Sonja, Thomas Rigotti, Daniela Weseler, and Gisela Mohr. 2015. “Masculinity Ideology and Psychological Strain: Considering Men’s Social Stressors in Female-Dominated Occupations.” Psychology of Men and Masculinity 16(1):54–66. doi:10.1037/a0035706.
  • Statistics Canada. 2011. Canadians in the Workforce, Census. Retrieved from March 24, 2019 (http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2017/statcan/11-627-m/11-627-m2017037-eng.pdf).
  • Statistics Canada. 2016. The Rise of the Dual-Earner Family with Children. Canadian Megatrends, Statistics Canada. Available April 7, 2020 (https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-630-x/11-630-x2016005-eng.htm)
  • Stichman, A. J., K. D. Hassell, and C. A. Archbold. 2010. “Strength in Numbers? a Test of Kanter’s Theory of Tokenism.” Journal of Criminal Justice 38(4):633–9. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.04.036.
  • Stone, P. 2007. “The Rhetoric and Reality of “Opting Out.” Contexts 6(4):14–9. doi:10.1525/ctx.2007.6.4.14.
  • Stone-Romero, E., G. Alliger, and H. Aguinis. 1994. “Type II Error Problems in the Use of Moderated Multiple Regression for the Detection of Moderating Effects of Dichotomous Variables.” Journal of Management 20(1):167–78. doi:10.1177/014920639402000109.
  • Treanor, L., and S. Marlow. 2019. “Paws for Thought? Analysing How Prevailing Masculinities Constrain Career Progression for UK Women Veterinary Surgeons.” Human Relations. doi:10.1177/0018726719846554.
  • Valet, P. 2018. “Social Structure and the Paradox of the Contented Female Worker: How Occupational Gender Segregation Biases Justice Perceptions.” Work and Occupations 45(2):168–93. doi:10.1177/0730888417753048.
  • van Steenbergen, E. F., N. Ellemers, and A. Mooijaart. 2007. “How Work and Family Can Facilitate Each Other: Distinct Types of Work–Family Facilitation and Outcomes for Women and Men.” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 12(3):279–300. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.12.3.279.
  • Voydanoff, P. 2002. “Linkages between the Work-Family Interface and Work, Family, and Individual Outcomes.” Journal of Family Issues 23(1):138–64. doi:10.1177/0192513X02023001007.
  • Voydanoff, P. 2004. “The Effects of Work Demands and Resources on Work-to-Family Conflict and Facilitation.” Journal of Marriage and Family 66(2):398–412. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2004.00028.x.
  • Voydanoff, P. 2005. “Toward a Conceptualization of Perceived Work-Family Fit and Balance: A Demands and Resources Approach.” Journal of Marriage and Family 67(4):822–36. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00178.x.
  • Wallace, J., and T. Buchanan. 2019. “Status Differences in Interpersonal Strain and Job Resources at Work: A Mixed Methods Study of Animal Health-Care Providers.” International Journal of Conflict Management 31(2):287–308. doi:10.1108/IJCMA-080135.
  • Wallace, J. E. 2008. “Parenthood and Commitment to the Legal Profession: Are Mothers Less Committed than Fathers?” Journal of Family and Economic Issues 29(3):478–95. doi:10.1007/s10834-008-9113-z.
  • Wallace, J. E. 2014. “Gender and Supportive Co-Worker Relations in the Medical Profession.” Gender, Work and Organization 21(1):1–17. doi:10.1111/gwao.12007.
  • Wallace, J. E., and F. Kay. 2012. “Tokenism, Organizational Segregation, and Coworker Relations in Law Firms.” Social Problems 59(3):389–410. doi:10.1525/sp.2012.59.3.389.
  • Wallace, J. E., and V. Haines. 2004. “The Benefits of Mentoring for Engineering Students.” Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering 10(4):377–15. doi:10.1615/JWomenMinorScienEng.v10.i4.60.
  • Yoder, J. 1991. “Rethinking Tokenism: Looking beyond the Numbers.” Gender and Society 5(2):178–91. doi:10.1177/089124391005002003.
  • Yoon, J., and E. Lawler. 2005. “Relational Cohesion Model of Organizational Commitment.” In L. Kyriakidou and M. Ozbilgin (Eds.), Relational Perspectives in Organizational Studies: A Research Companion. (pp. 138–62). Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
  • Young, M., J. E. Wallace, and A. Polachek. 2015. “Gender Differences in Perceived Domestic Task Equity: A Study of Professionals.” Journal of Family Issues 36(13):1751–81. doi:10.1177/0192513X13508403.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.