Patterns of Hybridization of Nonnative Cutthroat Trout and Hatchery Rainbow Trout with Native Redband Trout in the Boise River, Idaho

REFERENCES

• Adams , S. B. , Frissell , C. A. and Rieman , B. E. 2001 . Geography of invasion in mountain streams: consequences of headwater lake fish introductions . Ecosystems , 4 : 296 – 307 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allendorf , F. W. , Leary , R. F. , Hitt , N. P. , Knudsen , K. L. , Boyer , M. C. and Spruell , P. 2005 . Cutthroat trout hybridization and the U.S. Endangered Species Act: one species, two policies . Conservation Biology , 19 : 1326 – 1328 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allendorf , F. W. , Leary , R. F. , Hitt , N. P. , Knudsen , K. L. , Lundquist , L. L. and Spruell , P. 2004 . Intercrosses and the U.S. Endangered Species Act: should hybridized populations be included as westslope cutthroat trout? . Conservation Biology , 18 : 1203 – 1213 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allendorf , F. W. , Leary , R. F. , Spruell , P. and Wenburg , J. K. 2001 . The problems with hybrids: setting conservation guidelines . Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 16 : 613 – 622 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araki , H. , Cooper , B. and Blouin , M. S. 2007 . Genetic effects of captive breeding cause a rapid, cumulative fitness decline in the wild . Science , 318 : 100 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behnke , R. J. 1992 . Native trout of western North America , Bethesda , Maryland : American Fisheries Society .
   Google Scholar
• Bennett , S. N. and Kershner , J. L. 2009 . Levels of introgression in westslope cutthroat trout populations nine years after changes to rainbow trout stocking programs in southeastern British Columbia . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 29 : 1271 – 1282 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett , S. N. , Olson , J. R. , Kershner , J. L. and Corbett , P. 2010 . Propagule pressure and stream characteristics influence introgression: cutthroat and rainbow trout in British Columbia . Ecological Applications , 20 : 263 – 277 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blankenship , S. M. , Campbell , M. R. , Hess , J. E. , Hess , M. A. , Kassler , T. W. , Kozfkay , C. C. , Matala , A. P. , Narum , S. R. , Paquin , M. M. , Small , M. P. , Stephenson , J. J. , Warheit , K. I. and Moran , P. 2011 . Major lineages and metapopulations in Columbia River Oncorhynchus mykiss are structured by dynamic landscape features and environments . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 140 : 665 – 684 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boecklen , W. J. and Howard , D. J. 1997 . Genetic analysis of hybrid zones: numbers of markers and power of resolution . Ecology , 78 : 2611 – 2616 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer , M. C. , Muhlfeld , C. C. and Allendorf , F. W. 2008 . Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) invasion and the spread of hybridization with native westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi) . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 65 : 658 – 669 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burford , D. D. , McMahon , J. E. and Blank , M. 2009 . Assessment of trout passage through culverts in a large Montana drainage during summer low flow . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 29 : 739 – 752 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campton , D. E. and Kaeding , L. R. 2005 . Westslope cutthroat trout, hybridization and the U.S. Endangered Species Act . Conservation Biology , 19 : 1323 – 1325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casal , C. M. V. 2006 . Global documentation of fish introductions: the growing crisis and recommendations for action . Biological Invasions , 8 : 3 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chilcote , M. W. , Goodson , K. W. and Falcy , M. R. 2011 . Reduced recruitment performance in natural populations of anadromous salmonids associated with hatchery-reared fish . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 68 : 511 – 522 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarkin , K. , Conner , A. , Furniss , M. J. , Gubernick , B. , Love , M. , Moynan , K. and WislonMusser , S. 2005 . National inventory and assessment procedure—for identifying barriers to aquatic organism passage at road-stream crossings , San Dimas , California : U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, National Technology and Development Program . Available: www.stream.fs.fed.us/publications/PDFs/NIAP.pdf. (February 2011)
   Google Scholar
• Currens , K. P. , Schreck , C. B. and Li , H. W. 2009 . Evolutionary ecology of redband trout . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 138 : 797 – 817 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunham , J. B. , Rosenberger , A. E. , Luce , C. H. and Rieman , B. E. 2007 . Influences of wildfire and channel reorganization on spatial and temporal variation in stream temperature and the distribution of fish and amphibians . Ecosystems , 10 : 335 – 346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epifanio , J. and Philipp , D. 2001 . Simulating the extinction of parental lineages from introgressive hybridization: the effects of fitness, initial proportions of parental taxa, and mate choice . Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries , 10 : 339 – 354 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fausch , K. D. , Rieman , B. E. , Dunham , J. B. , Young , M. K. and Peterson , D. P. 2009 . Invasion versus isolation: trade-offs in managing native salmonids with barriers to upstream movement . Conservation Biology , 23 : 859 – 870 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gozlan , R. E. , Britton , J. R. , Cow , I. and Copp , G. H. 2010 . Current knowledge on non-native freshwater fish introductions . Journal of Fish Biology , 76 : 751 – 786 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen , M. M. 2002 . Estimating the long-term effects of stocking domesticated trout into wild brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations: an approach using microsatellite DNA analysis of historical and contemporary samples . Molecular Ecology , 11 : 1003 – 1015 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen , M. M. , Kenchington , E. and Nielsen , E. E. 2001a . Assigning individual fish to populations using microsatellite DNA markers . Fish and Fisheries , 2 : 93 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen , M. M. , Nielsen , E. E. , Bekkevold , D. and Mensberg , K. L. D. 2001b . Admixture analysis and stocking impact assessment in brown trout (Salmo trutta), estimated with incomplete baseline data . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 58 : 1853 – 1860 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen , M. M. , Nielsen , E. E. and Mensberg , K. L. D. 1997 . The problem of sampling families rather than populations: relatedness among individuals in samples of juvenile brown trout Salmo trutta L . Molecular Ecology , 6 : 469 – 474 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitt , N. P. , Frissell , A. , Muhlfeld , C. C. and Allendorf , F. W. 2003 . Spread of hybridization between native westslope cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi, and nonnative rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 60 : 1440 – 1451 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horreo , J. L. and Garcia-Vazquez , E. 2011 . Foreign brown trout in protected landscapes as a consequence of connectivity . Fisheries Management and Ecology , 18 : 431 – 436 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozfkay , C. C. , Campbell , M. R. , Meyer , K. A. and Schill , D. J. 2011 . Influences of habitat and hybridization on the genetic structure of redband trout in the upper Snake River basin, Idaho . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 140 : 282 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozfkay , C. C. , Campbell , M. R. , Yundt , S. P. , Peterson , M. P. and Powell , M. S. 2007 . Incidence of hybridization between naturally sympatric westslope cutthroat trout and rainbow trout in the Middle Fork Salmon River drainage, Idaho . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 136 : 624 – 638 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matala , A. , Marx , S. and Wise , T. G. 2008 . A genetically distinct wild redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri) population in Crane Prairie Reservoir, Oregon, persists despite extensive stocking of hatchery rainbow trout (O. m. irideus) . Conservation Genetics , 9 : 1643 – 1652 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClelland , E. K. and Naish , K. A. 2007 . What is the fitness outcome of crossing unrelated fish populations? a meta-analysis and an evaluation of future research directions . Conservation Genetics , 8 : 397 – 416 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer , K. A. , Lamansky , J. A. and Schill , D. A. 2010 . Biotic and abiotic factors related to redband trout occurrence and abundance in desert and montane streams . Western North American Naturalist , 70 : 77 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monnot , L. , Dunham , J. B. , Hoem , T. and Koetsier , P. 2008 . Influences of body size and environmental factors on autumn downstream migration of bull trout in the Boise River, Idaho . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 28 : 231 – 240 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muhlfeld , C. C. , Kalinowski , S. T. , McMahon , T. E. , Taper , M. L. , Painter , S. , Leary , R. F. and Allendorf , F. W. 2009a . Hybridization rapidly reduces fitness of a native trout in the wild . Biology Letters , 5 : 328 – 331 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muhlfeld , C. C. , McMahon , T. E. , Boyer , M. C. and Gresswell , R. E. 2009b . Local habitat, watershed, and biotic factors influencing the spread of hybridization between native westslope cutthroat trout and introduced rainbow trout . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 138 : 1036 – 1051 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neville , H. M. , Dunham , J. B. and Peacock , M. M. 2006 . Landscape attributes and life history variability shape genetic structure of trout populations in a stream network . Landscape Ecology , 21 : 901 – 916 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neville , H. , Dunham , J. , Rosenberger , A. , Umek , J. and Nelson , B. 2009 . Influences of wildfire, habitat size, and connectivity on trout in headwater streams revealed by patterns of genetic diversity . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 138 : 1314 – 1327 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostberg , C. O. and Rodriguez , R. J. 2004 . Bi-parentally inherited species-specific markers identify hybridization between rainbow trout and cutthroat trout subspecies . Molecular Ecology Notes , 4 : 26 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peacock , M. M. , Neville , H. and Kirchoff , V. 2004 . Ten species specific microsatellite loci for Lahonan cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi . Molecular Ecology Notes , 4 : 557 – 559 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peacock , M. M. and Kirchoff , V. 2004 . Assessing the conservation value of hybridized cutthroat trout populations in the Quinn River drainage, Nevada . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 133 : 309 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , D. P. , Rieman , B. E. F. , Dunham , J. B. , Fausch , K. D. and Young , M. K. 2008 . Analysis of trade-offs between threats of invasion by nonnative brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and intentional isolation for native westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi) . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 65 : 557 – 573 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pritchard , J. K. , Stephens , M. and Donnelly , P. 2000 . Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data . Genetics , 155 : 945 – 959 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team . 2009 . “ R: a language and environment for statistical computing ” . Vienna : R Foundation for Statistical Computing .
   Google Scholar
• Rahel , F. J. 2000 . Homogenization of fish faunas across the United States . Science , 288 : 854 – 856 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahel , F. J. 2004 . “ Unauthorized fish introductions: fisheries management of the people, for the people, or by the people? ” . In Propagated fishes in resource management , Edited by: Nickum , M. J. , Mazik , P. M. , Nickum , J. G. and MacKinlay , D. D. 431 – 443 . Bethesda , Maryland : American Fisheries Society, Symposium 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen , J. B. , Robinson , M. D. and Heath , D. D. 2010 . Ecological consequences of hybridization between native westslope cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi) and introduced rainbow (Oncorhynchus mykiss) trout: effects on life history and habitat use . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 67 : 357 – 370 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rexroad , C. E., III and Palti , Y. 2003 . Development of ninety-seven polymorphic microsatellite markers for rainbow trout . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 132 : 1214 – 1221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhymer , J. M. and Simberloff , D. 1996 . Extinction by hybridization and introgression . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , 27 : 83 – 109 .
   Google Scholar
• Rieman , B. E. and McIntyre , J. D. 1995 . Occurrence of bull trout in naturally fragmented habitat patches of varied size . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 124 : 285 – 296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieman , B. E. , Peterson , J. T. and Myers , D. L. 2006 . Have brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) displaced bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) along longitudinal gradients in central Idaho streams? . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 63 : 63 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , M. L. , Kirchoff , V. S. and Peacock , M. M. 2009 . Characterization of 13 microsatellites for Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi) and cross-amplification in six other salmonids . Molecular Ecology Resources , 9 : 134 – 136 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , N. A. 2004 . Distruct: a program for the graphical display of population structure . Molecular Ecology Notes , 4 : 137 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubidge , E. M. , Corbett , P. and Taylor , E. B. 2001 . A molecular analysis of hybridization between native westslope cutthroat trout and introduced rainbow trout in southeastern British Columbia . Canada Journal of Fish Biology , 59 : 42 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubidge , E. M. and Taylor , E. B. 2005 . An analysis of spatial and environmental factors influencing hybridization between native westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi) and introduced rainbow trout (O. mykiss) in the upper Kootenay River drainage, British Columbia . Conservation Genetics , 6 : 369 – 384 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanz , N. , Araguas , R. M. , Fernández , R. , Vera , M. and García-Marín , J. L. 2009 . Efficiency of markers and methods for detecting hybrids and introgression in stocked populations . Conservation Genetics , 10 : 225 – 236 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz , M. K. , Luikart , G. and Waples , R. S. 2006 . Genetic monitoring as a promising tool for conservation and management . Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 22 : 25 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seiler , S. M. , Gunnell , K. , Ptacek , M. B. and Keeley , E. R. 2009 . Morphological patterns of hybridization between Yellowstone cutthroat trout and introduced rainbow trout in the South Fork of the Snake River watershed, Idaho and Wyoming . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 29 : 1529 – 1539 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons , R. E. , Lavretsky , P. and May , B. 2010 . Introgressive hybridization of redband trout in the upper McCloud River watershed . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 139 : 201 – 213 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , S. M. , Maceina , M. J. , Travnichek , V. H. and Dunham , R. A. 1995 . Failure of quantitative phenotypic characteristics to distinguish black crappie, white crappie, and their first generation hybrid . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 15 : 121 – 125 .
   Google Scholar
• Thurow , R. F. , Lee , D. C. and Rieman , B. E. 1997 . Distribution and status of seven native salmonids in the interior Columbia River basin and portions of the Klamath River and Great basins . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 17 : 1094 – 1110 .
   Google Scholar
• Thurow , R. F. , Rieman , B. E. , Lee , D. C. , Howell , P. J. and Perkinson , R. D. 2007 . “ Distribution and status of redband trout in the interior Columbia River basin and portions of the Klamath River and Great basins ” . In Redband trout: resilience and challenge in a changing landscape , Edited by: Schroeder , R. K. and Hall , J. D. 28 – 46 . Oregon Chapter , Corvallis : American Fisheries Society .
   Google Scholar
• Utter , F. 2004 . Population genetics, conservation and evolution in salmonids and other widely cultured fishes: some perspectives over six decades . Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries , 14 : 125 – 144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaha , J. P. and Primmer , C. R. 2006 . Efficiency of model-based Bayesian methods for detecting hybrid individuals under different hybridization scenarios and with different numbers of loci . Molecular Ecology , 15 : 63 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weigel , D. E. , Peterson , J. T. and Spruell , P. 2002 . A model using phenotypic characteristics to detect introgressive hybridization in wild westslope cutthroat trout and rainbow trout . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 131 : 389 – 403 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zar , J. H. 1999 . Biostatistical analysis , 4th edition. Prentice-Hall , , London
   Google Scholar