The Effects of Total Dissolved Gas on Chum Salmon Fry Survival, Growth, Gas Bubble Disease, and Seawater Tolerance

REFERENCES

• Arntzen , E. V. , Geist , D. R. , Murray , K. J. , Vavrinec , J. , Dawley , E. M. and Schwartz , D. E. 2009a . Influence of the hyporheic zone on supersaturated gas exposure to incubating Chum Salmon . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 29 : 1714 – 1727 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arntzen , E. V.K.J. , Murray , D. R. , Geist , E. M. and Dawley Vavrinec , J. III. 2009b . “ Assessment of total dissolved gas within Chum Salmon spawning areas in the Columbia River downstream of Bonneville Dam ” . In Total dissolved gas effects on incubating Chum Salmon below Bonneville Dam , Edited by: Arntzen , E. V. , Hand , K. D. , Carter , K. M. , Geist , D. R. , Murray , K. J. , Dawley , E. M. , Cullinan , V. I. , Elston , R. A. and Vavrinec , J. III . 1.1 – 1.27 . Richland , Washington : Final Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, PNNL-18081, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Arntzen , E. V. , Murray , K. J. , Panther , J. L. , Geist , D. R. and Dawley , E. M. 2008 . “ Assessment of total dissolved gas within Chum Salmon spawning areas in the Columbia River downstream of Bonneville Dam ” . In Effects of total dissolved gas on Chum Salmon fry incubating in the lower Columbia River , Edited by: Arntzen , E. V. , Hand , K. D. , Geist , D. R. , Murray , K. J. , Panther , J. L. , Cullinan , V. I. , Dawley , E. M. and Elston , R. A. 1.1 – 1.38 . Richland , Washington : Final Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, PNNL-17132, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Arntzen , E. V. , Panther , J. L. , Geist , D. R. and Dawley , E. M. 2007 . “ Total dissolved gas monitoring in Chum Salmon spawning gravels below Bonneville Dam ” . Richland , Washington : Final Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, PNNL-16200, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Beacham , T. D. and Murray , C. B. 1987 . Adaptive variation in body size, age, morphology, egg size, and developmental biology of Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in British Columbia . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 44 : 244 – 261 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beiningen , K. T. and Ebel , W. J. 1970 . Effect of John Day Dam on dissolved nitrogen concentrations and salmon in the Columbia River, 1968 . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 99 : 664 – 671 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birtwell , I. K. , Korstrom , J. S. , Komatsu , M. , Fink , B. J. , Richmond , L. I. and Fink , R. P. 2001 . The susceptibility of juvenile Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) to predation following sublethal exposure to elevated temperature and dissolved gas supersaturation in seawater . Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , : 2343
   Google Scholar
• Blahm , T. H. , McConnell , B. and Snyder , G. R. 1976 . “ Gas supersaturation research National Marine Fisheries Service Prescott Facility—1971 to 1974 ” . In Gas bubble disease: proceedings of a workshop held at Richland, Washington (CONF-741033) , Edited by: Fickeisen , D. H. and Schneider , M. J. 11 – 19 . Oak Ridge , Tennessee : Technical Information Center, Office of Public Affairs, Energy Research and Development Administration .
   Google Scholar
• Bouck , G. R. , Nebecker , A. V. and Stevens , D. G. 1976 . Mortality, saltwater adaptation and reproduction of fish during gas supersaturation , Duluth , Minnesota : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, EPA-600/3-76-050 .
   Google Scholar
• Bystriansky , J. S. , Richards , J. G. , Schulte , P. M. and Ballantyne , J. S. 2006 . Reciprocal expression of gill Na+/K+-ATPase α-subunit isoforms α1a and α1b during seawater acclimation of three salmonid fishes that vary in their salinity tolerance . Journal of Experimental Biology , 209 : 1848 – 1858 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colt , J. 1984 . Computation of dissolved gas concentrations in water as functions of temperature, salinity, and pressure , Bethesda , Maryland : American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Counihan , T. D. , Miller , A. I. , Mesa , M. G. and Parsley , M. J. 1998 . The effects of dissolved gas supersaturation on White Sturgeon larvae . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 127 : 316 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coutant , C. C. 1970 . Exploratory studies of the interactions of gas supersaturation and temperature on mortality of juvenile salmonids , Richland , Washington : Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Report BNWL-SA-3585 .
   Google Scholar
• Cramer , S. P. and McIntyre , J. D. 1975 . Heritable resistance to gas bubble disease in fall Chinook Salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha . U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Fishery Bulletin , 73 : 934 – 938 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawley , E. M. and Ebel , W. J. 1975 . Effects of various concentrations of dissolved atmospheric gas on juvenile Chinook Salmon and Steelhead Trout . U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Fishery Bulletin , 73 : 787 – 796 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawley , E. M. , Schiewe , M. and Monk , B. 1976 . “ Effects of long-term exposure to supersaturation of dissolved atmospheric gases on juvenile Chinook Salmon and Steelhead Trout in deep and shallow test tanks ” . In Gas bubble disease: proceedings of a workshop held at Richland, Washington (CONF-741033) , Edited by: Fickeisen , D. H. and Schneider , M. J. 1 – 10 . Oak Ridge , Tennessee : Technical Information Center, Office of Public Affairs, Energy Research and Development Administration .
   Google Scholar
• Ebel , W. J. 1969 . Supersaturation of nitrogen in the Columbia River and its effect on salmon and Steelhead Trout . U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Fishery Bulletin , 68 : 1 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebel , W. J. 1971 . Dissolved nitrogen concentrations in the Columbia and Snake rivers in 1970 and their effect on Chinook Salmon and Steelhead Trout . NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Technical Report NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) SSRF (Special Scientific Report Fisheries) 646
   Google Scholar
• Ebel , W. J. , Beiningen , K. T. , Bouck , G. R. , Penrose , W. R. and Weitkamp , D. E. 1979 . “ Gases, total dissolved ” . In A review of the EPA red book: quality criteria for water , Edited by: Thurston , R. V. , Russo , R. C. , Fetterolf , C. M. Jr. , Edsall , T.A. and Barber , Y. M. Jr. 113 – 118 . Bethesda , Maryland : American Fisheries Society, Water Quality Section .
   Google Scholar
• Ebel , W. J. and Raymond , H. L. 1976 . Effect of atmospheric gas supersaturation on salmon and Steelhead Trout of the Snake and Columbia rivers . Marine Fisheries Review , 38 : 1 – 14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egusa , S. 1959 . The gas disease of fish due to excess of nitrogen . Journal of the Faculty of Fisheries and Animal Husbandry, Hiroshima University , 2 : 157 – 182 . (In Japanese with English summary.)
   Google Scholar
• Endangered Species Act of . 1973 . U.S. Code Vol. 16 , 1531 – 1544 . sections
   Google Scholar
• Evans , D. H. , Piermarini , P. M. and Choe , K. P. 2005 . The multifunctional fish gill: dominant site of gas exchange, osmoregulation, acid–base regulation, and excretion of nitrogenous waste . Physiological Reviews , 85 : 97 – 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fidler , L. E. 1988 . Gas bubble trauma in fish. Doctoral dissertation , Vancouver : University of British Columbia .
   Google Scholar
• Foskett , J. K. and Scheffey , C. 1982 . The chloride cell: definitive identification as the salt-secretory cell in teleosts . Science , 215 : 164 – 166 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hand , K. D. , Carter , K. M. , Geist , D. R. , Cullinan , V. I. and Elston , R. A. 2009 . “ Bioassays on the formation of gas bubble disease in Chum Salmon fry at total dissolved gas levels ranging up to 129% saturation ” . In Total dissolved gas effects on incubating Chum Salmon below Bonneville Dam , Edited by: Arntzen , E. V. , Hand , K. D. , Carter , K. M. , Geist , D. R. , Murray , K. J. , Dawley , E. M. , Cullinan , V. I. , Elston , R. A. and Vavrinec , J. III . 1 – 2.29 . Richland , Washington : Final Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, PNNL-18081, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory . Pages 2
   Google Scholar
• Hand , K. D. , Geist , D. R. , Cullinan , V. I. and Elston , R. A. 2008 . “ Bioassays on the formation of gas bubble disease in Chum Salmon fry at total dissolved gas levels ranging up to 113% saturation ” . In Effects of total dissolved gas on Chum Salmon fry incubating in the lower Columbia River , Edited by: Arntzen , E. V. , Hand , K. D. , Geist , D. R. , Murray , K. J. , Panther , J. L. , Cullinan , V. I. , Dawley , E. M. and Elston , R. A. 2.1 – 2.20 . Richland , Washington : Final Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, PNNL-17132, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Harvey , H. H. and Cooper , A. C. 1962 . Origin and treatment of a supersaturated river water , Vancouver : International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission . Progress Report 9
   Google Scholar
• Heming , T. A. and Preston , R. P. 1981 . Differential effect of formalin preservation on yolk and tissue of young Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Walbaum) . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 59 : 1608 – 1611 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen , J. O. T. , Schnute , J. and Alderdice , D. F. 1986 . Assessing juvenile salmonid response to gas supersaturation using a general multivariate dose–response model . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 43 : 1694 – 1709 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krise , W. F. and Herman , R. L. 1989 . Tolerance of Lake Trout, Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum), sac fry to dissolved gas supersaturation . Journal of Fish Diseases , 12 : 269 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krise , W. F. and Smith , R. A. 1991 . Tolerance of juvenile Lake Trout exposed to gas supersaturation . Progressive Fish-Culturist , 53 : 17 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick , S. D. 1995 . “ Hormonal control of gill Na+, K+-ATPase and chloride cell function ” . In Cellular and molecular approaches to fish ionic regulation: fish physiology , Edited by: Wood , C. M. and Shuttleworth , T. J. Vol. 14 , 285 – 315 . San Diego , California : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• McCormick , S. D. , Regish , A. M. and Christensen , A. K. 2009 . Distinct freshwater and seawater isoforms of Na+/K+-ATPase in gill chloride cells of Atlantic Salmon . Journal of Experimental Biology , 212 : 3994 – 4001 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath , K. E. , Dawley , E. M. and Geist , D. R. 2006 . Total dissolved gas effects on fishes of the lower Columbia River. Final Report to U.S , Richland , Washington : Army Corps of Engineers, PNNL-15525, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Meekin , T. K. and Turner , B. K. 1974 . Tolerance of salmonid eggs, juveniles and squawfish to supersaturated nitrogen . Washington Department of Fisheries Technical Report , 12 : 78 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Montgomery , J. C. and Becker , C. D. 1980 . Gas bubble disease in Smallmouth Bass and Northern Squawfish from the Snake and Columbia rivers . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 109 : 734 – 736 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , C. J. , Geist , D. R. , Arntzen , E. V. , Bott , Y. J. and Nabelek , M. A. 2011 . Development of a conceptual Chum Salmon emergence model for Ives Island , Richland , Washington : Final Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, PNNL-20035, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Nearing , J. , Betka , M. , Quinn , S. , Hentschel , H. , Elger , M. , Baum , M. , Bai , M. , Chattopadyhay , N. , Brown , E. M. , Hebert , S. C. and Harris , H. W. 2002 . Polyvalent cation receptor proteins (CaRs) are salinity sensors in fish . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA , 99 : 9231 – 9236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nebeker , A. V. , Andros , J. D. , McCrady , J. K. and Stevens , D. G. 1978 . Survival of Steelhead Trout (Salmo gairdneri) eggs, embryos, and fry in air-supersaturated water . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 35 : 261 – 264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nebeker , A. V. and Brett , J. R. 1976 . Effects of air-supersaturated water on survival of Pacific salmon and Steelhead smolts . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 105 : 338 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nebeker , A. V. , Hauck , A. K. and Baker , F. D. 1979 . Temperature and oxygen-nitrogen gas ratios affect fish survival in air-supersaturated water . Water Research , 13 : 299 – 303 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) . 1995 . “ Item 2 ” . In Endangered Species Act - section 7, consultation, biological opinion, federal Columbia River power system (FCRPS) , 104 – 110 . Seattle : NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Regional Office .
   Google Scholar
• NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) . 2000 . “ Risk assessment for spill program described in 2000 draft biological opinion. Appendix E ” . In Endangered Species Act – section 7, biological opinion on the re-initiation of consultation on operation of the federal Columbia River power system, including the juvenile fish transportation program, and 19 Bureau of Reclamation projects in the Columbia Basin , Seattle : NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Regional Office .
   Google Scholar
• NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) . 2004 . Endangered Species Act – section 7, consultation, biological opinion, consultation on remand for operation of the Columbia River power system and 19 Bureau of Reclamation projects in the Columbia basin (National Wildlife Federation versus National Marine Fisheries Service, Civil Case 01-640-RE [May 23, 2007; revised and reissued pursuant to court order]) , Seattle : NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Regional Office .
   Google Scholar
• Philp , R. B. and Gowdey , C. W. 1964 . Experimental analysis of the relation between body fat and susceptibility to decompression sickness . Aerospace Medicine , 35 : 351 – 356 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pisam , M. , Caroff , A. and Rambourg , A. 1987 . Two types of chloride cells in the gill epithelium of a freshwater-adapted euryhaline fish: Lebistes reticulatus; their modifications during adaptation to saltwater . American Journal of Anatomy , 179 : 40 – 50 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raymond , H. L. 1970 . A summary of the 1969 and 1970 outmigration of juvenile Chinook Salmon and Steelhead Trout from the Snake River: progress report , Seattle : U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Richman , N. H. III , Tai , S. , de Diaz Nishioka , R. S. , Prunet , P. and Bern , H. A. 1987 . Osmoregulatory and endocrine relationships with chloride cell morphology and density during smoltification in Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) . Aquaculture , 60 : 265 – 285 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rombough , P. J. 1999 . The gill of fish larvae: is it primarily a respiratory or an ionoregulatory structure? . Journal of Fish Biology , 55 ( Supplement A ) : 186 – 204 .
   Google Scholar
• Rucker , R. R. 1975 . Gas-bubble disease: mortalities of Coho Salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, in water with constant total gas pressure and different oxygen-nitrogen ratios . U. S. National Marine Fisheries Service Fishery Bulletin , 73 : 915 – 918 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rucker , R. R. and Kangas , P. M. 1974 . Effect of nitrogen supersaturated water on Coho and Chinook Salmon . Progressive Fish-Culturist , 36 : 152 – 156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shikano , T. and Fujio , Y. 1998 . Immunolocalization of Na+, K+-ATPase and morphological changes in two types of chloride cells in the gill epithelium during seawater and freshwater adaptation in a euryhaline teleost, Poecilia reticulata . Journal of Experimental Zoology , 281 : 80 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Shirahata , S. 1966 . Experiments on nitrogen gas disease with Rainbow Trout fry . Bulletin of the Freshwater Fisheries Research Laboratory (Tokyo) , 15 : 197 – 211 .
   Google Scholar
• Stevens , D. G. , Nebeker , A. V. and Baker , R. J. 1980 . Avoidance responses of salmon and trout to air-supersaturated water . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 109 : 751 – 754 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroud , R. K. , Bouck , G. R. and Nebeker , A. V. 1975 . “ Pathology of acute and chronic exposure of salmonid fishes to supersaturated water ” . In Chemistry and physics of aqueous gas solutions , Edited by: Adams , W. A. 435 – 449 . Princeton , New Jersey : Electrochemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Talbot , C. , Eddy , F. B. and Johnston , J. 1982 . Osmoregulation in salmon and Sea Trout alevins . Journal of Experimental Biology , 101 : 61 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchida , K. , Kaneko , T. , Yamauchi , K. and Hirano , T. 1996 . Morphometrical analysis of chloride cell activity in the gill filaments and lamellae and changes in Na+, K+-ATPase activity during seawater adaptation in Chum Salmon fry . Journal of Experimental Zoology , 276 : 193 – 200 .
   Google Scholar
• USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) . 1973 . Water quality criteria 1972 , Washington , D.C. : USEPA, EPA-R3-73033, Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Weitkamp , D. E. and Katz , M. 1980 . A review of dissolved gas supersaturation literature . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 109 : 659 – 702 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells , P. R. and Pinder , A. W. 1996a . The respiratory development of Atlantic Salmon: I. morphometry of gills, yolk sac and body surface . Journal of Experimental Biology , 199 : 2725 – 2736 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells , P. R. and Pinder , A. W. 1996b . The respiratory development of Atlantic Salmon: II. partitioning of oxygen uptake among gills, yolk sac and body surfaces . Journal of Experimental Biology , 199 : 2737 – 2744 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , J. W. 1979 . Diseases of Pacific salmon: their prevention and treatment, , 3rd edition , Olympia : Washington Department of Fisheries, Hatchery Division .
   Google Scholar