Using Redd Attributes, Fry Density, and Otolith Microchemistry to Distinguish the Presence of Steelhead and Rainbow Trout in the Elwha River Dam Removal Project

REFERENCES

• Anderson, J. H., P. M. Kiffney, G. R. Pess, and T. P. Quinn. 2008. Summer distribution and growth of juvenile Coho Salmon during colonization of newly accessible habitat. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 137:772–781.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beacham, T. D., and C. B. Murray. 1990. Temperature, egg size, and development of embryos and alevins of five species of Pacific salmon: a comparative analysis. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 119:927–945.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bednarek, A. T. 2001. Undamming rivers: a review of the ecological impacts of dam removal. Environmental Management 27:803–814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamin, J. R., P. J. Connolly, J. G. Romine, and R. W. Perry. 2013. Potential effects of changes in temperature and food resources on life history trajectories of juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 142:208–220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berejikian, B. A., L. A. Campbell, and M. E. Moore. 2013. Large-scale freshwater habitat features infuence the degree of andromy in eight Hood Canal Oncorhynchus mykiss populations. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 70:756–765.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjornn, T. C., and D. W. Reiser. 1991. Habitat requirement of salmonids in streams. Pages 83–138 in W. R. Meehan, editor. Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their habitats. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 19, Bethesda, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Bohlin, T., J. Pettersson, and E. Degerman. 2001. Population density of migratory and resident Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) in relation to altitude: evidence for a migration cost. Journal of Animal Ecology 70:112–121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenkman, S. J., J. J. Duda, C. E. Torgersen, E. Welty, G. R. Pess, R. Peters, and M. L. McHenry. 2012. A riverscape perspective of Pacific salmonids and aquatic habitats prior to large-scale dam removal in the Elwha River, Washington, USA. Fisheries Management and Ecology 19:36–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenkman, S. J., G. R. Pess, C. E. Torgersen, K. K. Kloehn, J. J. Duda, and S. C. Corbett. 2008. Predicting recolonization patterns and interactions between potamodromous and anadromous salmonids in response to dam removal in the Elwha River, Washington, USA. Northwest Science 82(Special Issue):91–106.
   Google Scholar
• Briers, R. A., J. O. Waterman, K. Galt, and R. N. B. Campbell. 2012. Population differentiation and temporal changes of carotenoid pigments and stable isotope ratios in the offspring of anadromous and non-anadromous trout Salmo trutta. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 22:137–144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busby, P. J., T. C. Wainwright, E. J. Bryant, L. J. Lierheimer, R. S. Waples, F. W. Waknitz, and I. V. Lagomarsino. 1996. Status review of West Coast steelhead from Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and California. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle.
   Google Scholar
• Cederholm, C. J., and E. A. Salo. 1979. The effects of logging road landslide siltation on the salmon and trout spawning gravels of Stequaleho Creek and the Clearwater River basin, Jefferson County, Washington, 1972–1978. University of Washington, Fisheries Research Institute, Report FRI-UW-7915, Seattle.
   Google Scholar
• Cho, G. K., J. W. Heath, and D. D. Heath. 2002. Electroshocking influences Chinook Salmon egg survival and juvenile physiology and immunology. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 131:224–233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciancio, J. E., M. A. Pascual, F. Botto, M. Amaya-Santi, S. O'Neal, C. Riva Rossi, and O. Iribarne. 2008. Stable isotope profiles of partially migratory salmonid populations in Atlantic rivers of Patagonia. Journal of Fish Biology 72:1708–1719.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly, P. J., and S. J. Brenkman. 2008. Fish assemblage, density, and growth in lateral habitats within natural and regulated sections of Washington's Elwha River prior to dam removal. Northwest Science 82(Special Issue):107–118.
   Google Scholar
• Dodson, J. J., N. Aubin-Horth, V. Thériault, and D. J. Páez. 2013. The evolutionary ecology of alternative migratory tactics in salmonid fishes. Biological Reviews 88:602–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doucett, R. R., W. Hooper, and G. Power. 1999. Identification of anadromous and nonanadromous adult Brook Trout and their progeny in the Tabusintac River, New Brunswick, by means of multiple stable isotope analysis. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 128:278–288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duda, J. J., J. E. Freilich, and E. G. Schreiner. 2008. Baseline studies in the Elwha River ecosystem prior to dam removal: introduction to the special issue. Northwest Science 82(Special Issue):1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• East, A. E., G. R. Pess, J. A. Bountry, C. S. Magirl, A. C. Ritchie, J. B. Logan, T. J. Randle, M. C. Mastin, J. T. Minear, J. J. Duda, M. C. Liermann, M. L. McHenry, T. J. Beechie, and P. B. Shafroth. 2015. Large-scale dam removal on the Elwha River, Washington, USA: river channel and floodplain geomorphic change. Geomorphology 228:765–786.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einum, S., G. Robertsen, K. H. Nislow, S. McKelvey, and J. D. Armstrong. 2011. The spatial scale of density-dependent growth and implications for dispersal from nests in juvenile Atlantic Salmon. Oecologia 165:959–969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, J. M. 1994. Quantitative ecology and the Brown Trout. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher, S. P., and C. M. Gallagher. 2005. Discrimination of Chinook Salmon, Coho Salmon, and steelhead redds and evaluation of the use of redd data for estimating escapement in several unregulated streams in northern California. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 25:284–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Good, T. P., R. S. Waples, and P. Adams, editors. 2005. Updated status of federally listed ESUs of West Coast salmon and steelhead. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-66.
   Google Scholar
• Grant, J. W. A., and I. Imre. 2005. Patterns of density-dependent growth in juvenile stream-dwelling salmonids. Journal of Fish Biology 67(Supplement B):100–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, M. R. 1987. Evolution of diadromy in fishes. Pages 14–25 in M. J. Dadswell, R. J. Klauda, C. M. Moffitt, R. L. Saunders, R. A. Rulifson, and J. E. Cooper, editors. Common strategies of anadromous and catadromous fishes. American Fisheries Society, Symposium 1, Bethesda, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, D. D., T. E. Johnson, K. L. Bushaw-Newton, R. J. Horwitz, A. T. Bednarek, D. F. Charles, D. A. Kreeger, and D. J. Velinsky. 2002. Dam removal: challenges and opportunities for ecological research and river restoration. BioScience 52:669–681.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman, G. F., and D. M. Galbraith. 1970. The reproductive environment of the Gerrard stock Rainbow Trout. Department of Recreation and Conservation, Fisheries Research Section, Fisheries Management Publication 15, Victoria, British Columbia.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, B. C. 1991. Interactions among stream fishes: predator-induced habitat shifts and larval survival. Oecologia 87:29–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, B. C., and R. J. Nakamoto. 1997. Habitat-dependent interactions between two size-classes of juvenile steelhead in a small stream. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54:27–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, B. C., R. J. Nakamoto, and J. L. White. 2006. Reduced streamflow lowers dry-season growth of Rainbow Trout in a small stream. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 135:998–1005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heady, W. J., and J. S. Moore. 2013. Tissue turnover and stable isotope clocks to quantify resource shifts in anadromous Rainbow Trout. Oecologia 172:21–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath, D. D., C. M. Bettles, S. Jamieson, I. Stasiak, and M. F. Docker. 2008. Genetic differentiation among sympatric migratory and resident life history forms of Rainbow Trout in British Columbia. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 137:1268–1277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jardine, T. D., E. Chernoff, and R. A. Curry. 2008. Maternal transfer of carbon and nitrogen to progeny of sea-run and resident Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65:2201–2210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffres, C. A., J. J. Opperman, and P. B. Moyle. 2008. Ephemeral floodplain habitats provide best growth conditions for juvenile Chinook Salmon in a California river. Environmental Biology of Fishes 83:449–458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeley, E. R. 2001. Demographic responses to food and space competition by juvenile steelhead trout. Ecology 82:1247–1259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall, N. W., J. R. McMillan, M. R. Sloat, T. W. Buehrens, T. P. Quinn, G. R. Pess, K. V. Kuzishchin, M. M. McClure, and R. W. Zabel. 2015. Anadromy and residency in steelhead and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): a review of the processes and patterns. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 72:319–342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kloehn, K. K., T. J. Beechie, S. A. Morley, and H. J. Coe. 2008. Influence of dams on river-floodplain dynamics in the Elwha River, Washington. Northwest Science 82(Special Issue):224–235.
   Google Scholar
• Kondolf, G. M., and M. G. Wolman. 1993. The sizes of salmonid spawning gravels. Water Resources Research 29:2275–2285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau, M. R. 1994. Habitat utilization, density, and growth of steelhead trout, Coho Salmon, and Pacific giant salamander in relation to habitat types in a small coastal redwood stream. Master's thesis. University of California, Davis.
   Google Scholar
• Maddux, H. R., D. M. Kulby, J. C. deVos Jr., W. R. Persons, R. Staedicke, and R. L. Wright. 1987. Effects of varied flow regimes on aquatic resources of Glen and Grand canyons. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Contract 4-AG-40-01810, Final Report, Denver.
   Google Scholar
• McHenry, M. L., and G. R. Pess. 2008. An overview of monitoring options for assessing the response of salmonids and their aquatic ecosystems in the Elwha River following dam removal. Northwest Science 82(Special Issue):29–47.
   Google Scholar
• McMillan, J. 2009. Early maturing males in a partially migratory population of anadromous and resident Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: influences of individual condition and stream temperature. Master's thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis.
   Google Scholar
• McMillan, J. R., S. L. Katz, and G. R. Pess. 2007. Observational evidence of spatial and temporal structure in a sympatric anadromous (winter steelhead) and resident Oncorhynchus mykiss mating system on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington State. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 136:736–748.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan, J. R., M. C. Liermann, J. Starr, G. R. Pess, and X. Augerot. 2013. Using a stream network census of fish and habitat to assess models of juvenile salmonid distribution. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 142:942–956.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan, J. R., R. Moses, M. McHenry, L. Ward, K. Frick, S. Brenkman, P. Crain, P. Kennedy, H. Hugunin, O. Stefankiv, and G. Pess. 2012. Unbuild it and they will come: the initial stages of salmon recolonization in the Elwha River. Pages 18–25 in O. Johnson, editor. The confluence. American Fisheries Society, Washington–British Columbia Chapter, Bethesda, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• McMillan, J. R., G. Pess, M. McHenry, R. Moses, and T. P. Quinn. 2014. Documentation of unusual fall spawning by Coastal Cutthroat Trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii, in the Elwha River system, Washington. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 143:1605–1611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills, J. S., J. B. Dunham, G. H. Reeves, J. R. McMillan, C. E. Zimmerman, and C. E. Jordan. 2012. Variability in expression of anadromy by female Oncorhynchus mykiss within a river network. Environmental Biology of Fishes 93:505–517.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery, D. R., J. M. Buffington, N. P. Peterson, D. Schuett-Hames, and T. P. Quinn. 1996. Stream-bed scour, egg burial depths, and the influence of salmonid spawning on bed surface mobility and embryo survival. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53:1061–1070.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morita, K., S. Yamamoto, and N. Hoshino. 2000. Extreme life history change of White-spotted Char (Salvelinus leucomaenis) after damming. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57:1300–1306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morley, S. A., J. J. Duda, H. J. Coe, K. K. Kloehn, and M. L. McHenry. 2008. Benthic invertebrates and periphyton in the Elwha River basin: current conditions and predicted response to dam removal. Northwest Science 82(Special Issue):179–196.
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen, J. L. 1998. Scientific sampling effects: electrofishing California's endangered fish populations. Fisheries 23(12):6–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2007. Endangered and threatened species: final listing determination for Puget Sound steelhead. Federal Register 72:91(11 May 2007):26722–26735.
   Google Scholar
• Orcutt, D. R., B. R. Pulliam, and A. Arp. 1968. Characteristics of steelhead trout redds in Idaho streams. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 97:42–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavlov, D. S., and K. A. Savvaitova. 2008. On the problem of ratio of anadromy and residence in salmonids (Salmonidae). Journal of Ichthyology 48:778–791.
   Google Scholar
• Pess, G. R., M. L. McHenry, T. J. Beechie, and J. Davies. 2008. Biological impacts of the Elwha River dams and potential salmonid responses to dam removal. Northwest Science 82(Special Issue):72–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pess, G. R., T. P. Quinn, S. R. Gephard, and R. Saunders. 2014. Recolonization of Atlantic and Pacific rivers by anadromous fishes: linkages between life history and the benefits of barrier removal. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 24:881–900.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platts, W. S., M. A. Shirazi, and D. H. Lewis. 1979. Sediment particle sizes used by salmon for spawning with methods for evaluation. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Report EPA 600/3-79-043, Corvallis, Oregon.
   Google Scholar
• Pohl, M. M. 2002. Bringing down our dams: trends in American dam removal rationales. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 38:1511–1519.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn, T. P., and K. W. Myers. 2004. Anadromy and the marine migrations of Pacific salmon and trout: Rounsefell revisited. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 14:421–442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team. 2011. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. Available: www.R-project.org. (August 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Railsback, S. E, and K. A. Rose. 1999. Bioenergetics modeling of stream trout growth: temperature and food consumption effects. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 128:241–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riebe, C. S., L. S. Sklar, B. T. Overstreet, and J. K. Wooster. 2014. Optimal reproduction in salmon spawning substrates linked to grain size and fish length. Water Resources Research 50:1–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieman, B. E., D. L. Myers, and R. L. Nielsen. 1994. Use of otolith microchemistry to discriminate Oncorhynchus nerka of resident and anadromous origin. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51:68–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roper, B. B., D. L. Scarnecchia, and T. J. La Marr. 1994. Summer distribution of and habitat use by Chinook Salmon and steelhead within a major basin of the south Umpqua River, Oregon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 123:298–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rounsefell, G. A. 1958. Anadromy in North American Salmonidae. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Fishery Bulletin 58:171–185.
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder, R. K., and L. H. Smith. 1989. Life history of Rainbow Trout and effects of angling regulations in the Deschutes River, Oregon. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Information Report (Fish) 89-6, Portland.
   Google Scholar
• Shirazi, M. A., and W. K. Seim. 1981. Stream system evaluation with emphasis on spawning habitat for salmonids. Water Resources Research 17:592–594.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spoon, R. L. 1985. Reproductive biology of Brown and Rainbow trout below Hauser Dam, Missouri River, with reference to proposed hydroelectric peaking. Master's thesis. Montana State University, Bozeman.
   Google Scholar
• Steen, R. P., and T. P. Quinn. 1999. Egg burial depth by Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka): implications for survival of embryos and natural selection on female body size. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77:836–841.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, E. B., C. J. Foote, and C. C. Wood. 1996. Molecular genetic evidence for parallel life-history evolution within a Pacific salmon (Sockeye Salmon and kokanee, Oncorhynchus nerka). Evolution 50:401–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton, E. J., R. W. Hardy, and T. P. Quinn. 2015. Experimental determination of the limits of using stable isotopes to distinguish steelhead and Rainbow Trout offspring. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 35:810–817.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurow, R. F. 1994. Underwater methods for study of salmonids in the Intermountain West. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-GTR-307.
   Google Scholar
• Volk, E. C., A. Blakley, S. L. Schroder, and S. M. Kuehner. 2000. Otolith chemistry reflects migratory characteristics of Pacific salmonids: using otolith core chemistry to distinguish maternal associations with sea and freshwaters. Fisheries Research 46:251–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weigel, D. E., P. J. Connolly, K. D. Martens, and M. S. Powell. 2013a. Colonization of steelhead in a natal stream after barrier removal. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 142:920–930.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weigel, D. E., P. J. Connolly, and M. S. Powell. 2013b. Fluvial Rainbow Trout contribute to the colonization of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a small stream. Environmental Biology of Fishes 97:1149–1159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolman, M. G. 1954. A method of sampling coarse river-bed material. American Geophysical Union Transactions 35:951–956.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, C. C., and C. J. Foote. 1996. Evidence for sympatric genetic divergence of anadromous and nonanadromous morphs of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Evolution 50:1265–1279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, C. E., and G. H. Reeves. 2000. Population structure of sympatric anadromous and nonanadromous Oncorhynchus mykiss: evidence from spawning surveys and otolith microchemistry. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57:2152–2162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar