Spatial and Temporal Segregation of Wild and Hatchery Winter Steelhead Populations in Eagle Creek, Oregon

REFERENCES

• Agresti, A. 1990. Categorical data analysis. Wiley, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Araki, H., W. R. Ardren, E. Olsen, B. Cooper, and M. S. Blouin. 2007. Reproductive success of captive-bred steelhead trout in the wild: evaluation of three hatchery programs in the Hood River. Conservation Biology 21:181–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benda, S. E., G. P. Naughton, C. C. Caudill, M. L. Kent, and C. B. Schreck. 2015. Cool, pathogen-free refuge lowers pathogen-associated prespawn mortality of Willamette River Chinook Salmon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 144:1159–1172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bingham, D. 2013. Genetic analysis of juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) samples collected in upper Eagle Creek and North Fork Eagle Creek, Oregon. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Abernathy Fish Technology Center, Longview, Washington.
   Google Scholar
• Bowerman, T., M. L. Keefer, and C. C. Caudill. 2016. Pacific salmon prespawn mortality: patterns, methods, and study design considerations. Fisheries 41:738–749.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brignon, W. R., D. E. Olson, H. A. Schaller, and C. B. Schreck. 2012. Factors influencing density, distribution, and mesohabitat selection of juvenile wild salmonids and residual hatchery winter steelhead. Aquaculture 362:137–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnham, K. P., and D. R. Anderson. 2002. Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach, second edition. Springer-Verlag, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Cannamela, D. A. 1993. Hatchery steelhead smolt predation of wild and natural juvenile Chinook Salmon fry in the upper Salmon River, Idaho. Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Boise.
   Google Scholar
• Carmichael, J. T. 1995. Effects of flow and temperature on spawning and migratory behavior of Albemarle Sound–Roanoke River Striped Bass. Master’s thesis. North Carolina State University, Raleigh.
   Google Scholar
• Conroy, M. J., and J. T. Peterson. 2013. Decision making in natural resource management: a structured, adaptive approach. Wiley-Blackwell, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Fagerland, M. W., D. W. Hosmer, and A. M. Bofin. 2008. Multinomial goodness-of-fit tests for logistic regression models. Statistics in Medicine 27:4238–4253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, M. J. 2002. Selection in captivity during supportive breeding may reduce fitness in the wild. Conservation Biology 16:815–825.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goede, R. W. 1986. Management considerations in stocking of diseased or carrier fish. Pages 349–355 in R. H. Stroud, editor. Fish culture in fisheries management. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Gray, R. H., and J. M. Haynes. 1979. Spawning migration of adult Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) carrying external and internal radio transmitters. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 36:1060–1064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosmer, D. W., and S. Lemeshow. 2004. Applied logistic regression. Wiley, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Keefer, M. L., C. A. Peery, R. R. Ringe, and T. C. Bjornn. 2004. Regurgitation rates of intragastric radio transmitters by adult Chinook Salmon and steelhead during upstream migration in the Columbia and Snake rivers. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 24:47–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostow, K. E., and S. Zhou. 2006. The effect of an introduced summer steelhead hatchery stock on the productivity of a wild winter steelhead population. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 135:825–841.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch, M., and M. O’Hely. 2001. Captive breeding and the genetic fitness of natural populations. Conservation Genetics 2:363–378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McElhany, P., M. Chilcote, J. Myers, and R. Beamesderfer. 2007. Viability status of Oregon salmon and steelhead populations in the Willamette and lower Columbia basins, part 5: lower Columbia steelhead. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Salem and National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle.
   Google Scholar
• Mobrand, L. E., J. Barr, L. Blankenship, D. E. Campton, T. T. Evelyn, T. A. Flagg, C. V. Mahnken, L. W. Seeb, P. R. Seidel, and W. W. Smoker. 2005. Hatchery reform in Washington State: principles and emerging issues. Fisheries 30(6):11–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service). 2007. Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 7 consultation biological opinion and Magnuson–Stevens Act essential fish habitat consultation: USFWS artificial propagation programs in the lower Columbia and middle Columbia River. NMFS, Salmon Recovery Division, Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon.
   Google Scholar
• ODFW (Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife). 2016. Clackamas hatchery program management plan. Available: http://www.dfw.state.or.us/fish/hatchery/. (April 2017).
   Google Scholar
• ODFW (Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife) and WDFW (Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife). 2016. Joint staff report: stock status and fisheries for spring Chinook, summer Chinook, sockeye, steelhead, and other species, and miscellaneous regulations. ODFW, Clackamas, and WDFW, Vancouver. Available: http://wdfw.wa.gov/fishing/crc/staff_reports.html. (April 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Olson, D. E., B. Spateholts, M. Paiya, and D. E. Campton. 2004. Salmon hatcheries for the 21st century: a model at Warm Springs National Fish Hatchery. Pages 585–602 in M. J. Nickum, P. M. Mazik, J. G. Nickum, and D. D. MacKinlay, editors. Propagated fish in resource management. American Fisheries Society, Symposium 44, Bethesda, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Ratliff, D. E. 1981. Ceratomyxa shasta: epizootiology in Chinook Salmon of central Oregon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 110:507–513.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royall, R. M. 1997. Statistical evidence: a likelihood paradigm. Chapman and Hall, London.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, W. L., and D. C. Lee. 2000. Modeling relationships between landscape-level attributes and snorkel counts of Chinook Salmon and steelhead parr in Idaho. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57:1834–1842.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Endangered Species Act. 1973. U.S. Code, volume 16, sections 1531–1544.
   Google Scholar
• USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 2007. Eagle Creek National Fish Hatchery assessments and recommendations, final report, July 2007. USFWS, Pacific Region, Portland, Oregon.
   Google Scholar
• USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 2009. Ecological and genetic interactions between hatchery and wild steelhead in Eagle Creek, Oregon. USFWS, Columbia River Fisheries Program Office, Vancouver, Washington.
   Google Scholar
• USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 2016. Eagle Creek hatchery–wild steelhead ecological interactions: comparative abundance, growth, migration behavior and survival of winter steelhead in upper Eagle and North Fork Eagle creeks, 2010–2015 final report. USFWS, Columbia River Fisheries Program Office, Vancouver, Washington.
   Google Scholar
• Waples, R. S. 1991. Genetic interactions between hatchery and wild salmonids: lessons from the Pacific Northwest. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48:124–133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weigel, D. E., J. T. Peterson, and P. Spruell. 2003. Introgressive hybridization between native Cutthroat Trout and introduced Rainbow Trout. Ecological Applications 13:38–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar