Estimation of global precipitation using the ECMWF analysis‐forecasting scheme

References

• Arpe , K. . Impacts of change in the ECMWF analysis‐forecasting scheme on the systematic error of the model . ECMWF Seminar 1989 on Ten Years of Medium‐Range Weather Forecasting . Vol. I , pp. 69 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• Arpe , K. 1991 . The hydrological cycle in the ECMWF short‐range forecasts . Dyn. Atmos. Ocean. , 16 : 33 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arpe , K. and Cattle , H. 1993 . A comparison of surface stress and precipitation fields in short‐range forecasts over the Antarctic region . J. Geophys. Res. , 98 : 13,035 – 13,044 .
   Google Scholar
• Barrett , E. C. , Dodge , J. , Goodman , H. M. , Janowiak , J. , Smith , E. A. and Kidd , C. 1994 . The first WetNet Precipitation Intercomparison Project (PIP‐1) . Remote Sensing Reviews , 11 : 49 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Bengtsson , L. , Kanamitsu , M. , Kallberg , P. and Uppala , S. 1982 . FGGE 4‐dimensional data assimilation at ECMWF . Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , 63 : 29 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyre , J. R. , Kelly , G. A. , McNally , A. P. , Andersson , E. and Persson , A. 1993 . Assimilation of TOVS radiance information through one‐dimensional variational analysis . Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , 119 : 1427 – 1463 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geleyn , J.‐F. and Hollingsworth , A. 1979 . An economical analytical method for the computation of the interaction between scattering and line absorption of radiation . Beitr. Phys. Atmos. , 52 : 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Heckley , A. W. , Kelly , G. and Tiedtke , M. 1990 . On the use of satellite‐derived heating rates for data assimilation within the tropics . Mon. Wea. Rev. , 118 : 1743 – 1757 .
   Google Scholar
• Hollingsworth , A. , Lorenc , A. C. , Tracton , M. S. , Arpe , K. , Cats , G. , Uppala , S. and Kallberg , P. 1985 . The response of numerical weather prediction systems to FGGE level IIb data. Part I: Analyses . Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , 111 : 1 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenc , A. C. 1981 . A global three‐dimensional multivariate statistical interpolation scheme . Mon. Wea. Rev. , 109 : 701 – 721 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo , H. L. 1974 . Further studies of the parameterization of the influence of cumulus convection on large‐scale flow . J. Atm. Sci. , 31 : 1232 – 1240 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyakoda , K. . Weather forecasts and the effects of the sub‐grid scale processes . ECMWF Seminar 1975 on the Scientific Foundation of Medium Range Weather Forecasts . pp. 380 – 593 .
   Google Scholar
• Miyakoda , K. , Hembree , G. D. , Strickler , R. F. and Shulman , I. 1972 . Cumulative results for extended forecast experiments. I Model performance for winter cases . Mon. Wea. Rev. , 100 : 836 – 855 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morcrette , J.‐J. 1990 . Impact of changes to the radiation transfer parameterizations plus cloud optical properties in the ECMWF model . Mon. Wea. Rev. , 118 : 847 – 873 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritter , B. . The impact of an alternative treatment of infrared radiation on the performance of the ECMWF model . Proceedings of the IAMAP International Radiation Symposium . 1984 , Perugia, Italy. pp. 277 – 280 .
   Google Scholar
• Rudolf , B. , Hauschild , H. , Reiss , M. and Schneider , U. 1992 . Merging of the results from the different data sources . Meteorologische Zeitschrift , 1 : 72 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Schneider , U. , Hauschild , H. , Reiss , M. and Rudolf , B. 1992 . Some comparisons of monthly precipitation totals derived from daily forecasts of the ECMWF T106 model with analyses based on gauge measurements . Meteorologische Zeitschrift , 1 : 66 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Shaw , D. B. , Lönnberg , P. , Hollingsworth , A. and Undén , P. 1987 . Data assimilation: The 1984/85 revisions of the ECMWF mass and wind analysis . Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , 113 : 533 – 566 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons , A. J. , Burridge , D. M. , Jarraud , M. , Girard , C. and Wergen , W. 1989 . The ECMWF medium‐range prediction models, development of the numerical formulations and the impact of increased resolution . Met. Atmos. Phys. , 40 : 28 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slingo , J. 1987 . The development and verification of a cloud prediction model for the ECMWF model . Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , 113 : 899 – 927 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smagorinsky , J. , Manabe , S. and Holloway , J. L. J. 1965 . Numerical results from a nine‐level model of the atmosphere . Mon. Wea. Rev. , 93 : 727 – 768 .
   Google Scholar
• Tiedtke , M. , Heckley , W. A. and Slingo , J. 1988 . Tropical forecasting at ECMWF: On the influences of physical parameterization on the mean structure of forecasts and analyses . Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , 114 : 639 – 664 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiedtke , M. 1989 . A comprehensive massflux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large‐scale models . Mon. Wea. Rev. , 117 : 1777 – 1798 .
   Google Scholar
• Undén , P. 1989 . Tropical data assimilation and analysis of divergence . Mon. Wea. Rev. , 117 : 2495 – 2517 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wergen , W. 1989 . Normal mode initialization and atmospheric tides . Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , 115 : 535 – 545 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , L. . MOS probability of precipitation forecasting experiments in the medium range . ECMWF Seminar/Workshop 1982 on Interpretation of Numerical Weather Prediction Products . pp. 469 – 506 .
   Google Scholar