References
- Cooper , A. B. 1990 . Nitrate depletion in the riparian zone and stream channel of small headwater catchments . Hydrobiology , 202 : 13 – 26 .
- Ryszkowski , L. and Bartoszewicz , A. 1989 . “ Impact of agricultural landscape structure on cycling of inorganic nutrients ” . In Ecology of Arable Land , Edited by: Clarholm , M. and Bergström , L. 241 – 246 . Dordrecht : Kluwer .
- Szajdak , L. , Maryganova , V. , Meysner , T. and Tychinskaja , L. 2002 . Effect of shelterbelt on two kinds of soils on the transformation of organic matter . Environ. Int. , 28 ( 5 ) : 383 – 392 .
- Nguyen Bao Ve , D. C. Olk and Cassman , K. G. 2004 . Characterization of humic acid fractions improves estimates of nitrogen mineralization kinetics for lowland rice soils . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 68 : 1266 – 1277 .
- Martens , D. A. 2005 . “ Denitrification ” . In Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment , Edited by: Hatfield , J. L. , Powlson , D. S. , Crosenzweig , Scow , K. M. , Singer , M. J. and Sparks , D. L. 378 – 382 . Amsterdam : Academic Press .
- Payne , W. J. 1985 . “ Diversity of denitrifiers and their enzymes ” . In Denitrification in the Nitrogen Cycle , Edited by: Golterman , H. L. 47 – 65 . New York : Plenum Press .
- Venterea , R. T. and Rolston , D. E. 2000 . Mechanisms and kinetics of nitrite and nitrous oxide production during nitrification in agricultural soil . Glob. Change Biol. , 6 : 303 – 316 .
- Šimek , M. , Jíšová , L. and Hopkins , D. W. 2002 . What is the so-called optimum pH for denitrification in soil? . Soil. Biol. Biochem. , 34 : 1227 – 1234 .
- Fu , M. H. and Tabatabai , M. A. 1989 . Nitrate reductase activity in soils: effects of trace elements . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 21 : 943 – 946 .
- Ma , R. X. 2000 . Effects of allelochemicals on activity of nitrate reductase . J. Environ. Sci. , 12 : 125 – 128 .
- Stevenson , F. J. and Cole , M. A. 1999 . “ Cycles of Soil ” . 11 – 12 . New York : Wiley .
- Abdelmagid , H. M. and Tabatabai , M. A. 1987 . Nitrate reductase activity of soils . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 19 : 421 – 427 .
- Webb , E. C. 1992 . “ Enzyme Nomenclature. Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology on the Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes ” . San Diego : Academic Press .
- Firestone , M. K. 1982 . “ Biological denitrification ” . In Nitrogen in Agricultural Soils , Edited by: Stevenson , F. J. 289 – 326 . Madison, WI : American Society of Agronomy .
- Greenwood , D. J. 1975 . “ Measurement of soil aeration in soil physical conditions and crop production ” . In Technical Bulletin, Ministry of Agriculture Fishery and Food , London : HMSO .
- Klemedtsson , L. , Svensson , B. H. and Rosswall , T. 1988 . A method of selective inhibition to distinguish between nitrification and denitrification as sources of nitrous oxide in soil . Biol. Fertil. Soil. , 6 : 112 – 119 .
- Sommers , L. E. , Gilmour , C. M. , Wildrung , R. E. and Beck , S. M. 1981 . “ The effect of water potential on decomposition processes in soils ” . In Water Potential Relationships in Soil Microbiology , Edited by: Parr , J. F. 97 – 117 . Madison, WI : Special Publication 9, Soil Science Society of America .
- Davidson , E. A. and Swank , W. T. 1987 . Factors limiting denitrification in soils mature and disturbed south-eastern hardwood forests . Forest Sci. , 33 : 135 – 144 .
- J.M. Melillo, J.D. Aber, P.A. Steudler, and J.P. Schimel, Denitrification potentials in a successional sequence of northern hardwood forest stands, in Environmental Biogeochemistry, R. Hallberg, ed., Ecol. Bull. Stockholm 35 (1983), pp. 217–228
- Robertson , G. P. and Tiedje , J. M. 1984 . Denitrification and nitrous oxide production in old growth and succesional Michigan forests . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 48 : 383 – 389 .
- Groffman , P. M. and Tiedje , J. M. 1989 . Denitrification in north temperate forest soils: spatial and temporal patterns at the landscape and seasonal scales . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 21 ( 5 ) : 613 – 620 .
- Roberstson , G. P. and Rosswall , T. 1986 . Nitrogen in West Africa: the regional cycle . Ecol. Monogr. , 56 : 43 – 72 .
- R. Søderlund and B.H. Svensson, The global nitrogen cycle, in Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur – Global Cycles, B.H. Svensson and R. Søderlund, eds., SCOPE 7, Ecol. Bull. NFR 22 (1976), pp. 23–73
- Kandeler , E. 1996 . “ Nitrate reductase activity ” . In Methods in Soil Biology , Edited by: Schinner , F. , Öhlinger , R. , Kandeler , E. and Margesin , R. 176 – 179 . Berlin : Springer-Verlag .
- Smolander , A. and Kitunen , V. 2002 . Soil microbial activities and characteristics of dissolved organic C and N in relation to tree species . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 34 : 651 – 660 .
- Burton , D. L. and Beauchamp , E. B. 1985 . Denitrification rate relationships with soil parameters in the field . Comm. Soil Sci. Plant. Anal. , 16 : 539 – 549 .
- Folonoruso , O. A. and Rolston , D. E. 1984 . Spatial variability of field-measured denitrification gas fluxes . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 48 : 1214 – 1219 .
- A.R. Mosier, W.J. Parton, and G.L. Hutchinson, Modeling nitrous oxide production from cropped and native soils, in Environmental Biogeochemistry, R. Hallberg, ed., Ecol. Bull. Stockholm 35 (1983), pp. 229–242
- Rolston , D. E. , Rao , P. S.C. , Davidson , J. M. and Jessup , R. E. 1984 . Simulation of denitrification losses of nitrate fertilizer applied to uncropped, cropped and manure-amended field plats . Soil Sci. , 137 : 270 – 279 .
- Sextone , A. J. , Parkin , T. B. and Tiedje , J. M. 1985 . Temporal response of soil denitrification rates to rainfall and irrigation . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 49 : 99 – 103 .
- Myrold , D. D. and Tiedje , J. M. 1985 . Establishment of denitrification capacity in soil: effects of carbon, nitrate and moisture . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 17 : 819 – 822 .
- Edwards , A. C. and Killham , K. 1986 . The effect of freeze/thaw on gaseous nitrogen loss fluxes and soil properties . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 49 : 1087 – 1093 .
- Gambrell , R. P. , Gillam , J. W. and Weed , S. B. 1975 . Denitrification in subsoils of the North Carolina coastal plain as affected by soil drainage . J. Environ. Qual. , 4 : 311 – 316 .
- Connors , K. A. 1990 . “ Chemical Kinetics. The Study of Reaction Rates in Solution ” . 3 – 36 . New York : VCH .
- Frost , A. A. and Pearson , R. G. 1961 . “ Kinetics and Mechanisms. A Study of Homogeneous Chemical Reactions ” . 8 – 27 . New York : Wiley .
- Lasaga , A. C. , Berner , R. A. , Fisher , G. W. , Anderson , D. E. and Kirkpatrick , J. R. 1981 . “ Kinetics of geochemical processes ” . In Review in Mineralogy , Edited by: Lasaga , A. C. and Kirkpatrick , R. J. 1 – 68 . Washington : Mineralogy Society of America .
- Reemtsma , T. , Bredov , A. and Gehring , M. 1999 . The nature and kinetics of organic matter release from soil by salt solutions . Eur. J. Soil Sci. , 50 : 53 – 64 .
- Chalamet , A. 1990 . Source and sink mechanism related to dentrification measurement . Mitt Dtsch. Bodenkd. Ges. , 60 : 65 – 72 .
- Lescure , C. , Mendendes , L. , Lensi , R. , Chalamet , A. and Pidello , A. 1992 . Effect of addition of various carbon substrates on dentrification in a vertic Mollsoil . Biol. Fertil. Soils. , 13 : 125 – 129 .
- Tiedje , J. M. 1988 . “ Ecology of dentrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium ” . In Biology of Anaerobic Microorganisms , Edited by: Zehnder , A. J.B. 179 – 244 . New York : Wiley .
- Beuchamp , E. G. , Trevors , J. T. and Paul , J. W. 1989 . Carbon sources for bacterial denitrification . Adv. Soil Sci. , 10 : 113 – 142 .
- Gliński , J. and Stępniewski , W. 1985 . “ Soil Aeration and its Role for Plants ” . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
- Binstock , D. A. 1984 . Potential denitrification in an acid forest soil: dependence on wetting and drying . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 16 ( 3 ) : 287 – 288 .
- Freney , J. R. , Denmead , O. T. and Simpson , J. R. 1979 . Nitrous oxide emission from soil at low moisture contents . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 11 : 167 – 173 .
- Stefanson , R. C. 1972 . Soil denitrification in sealed soil–plant systems: I. Effect of plants, soil water content and soil organic matter content . Plant Soil , 33 : 113 – 127 .
- Blackmer , J. M. , Bremner , A. M. and Schmidt , E. L. 1980 . Production of nitrous oxide by ammonia-oxidizing chemoautrophic microorganisms in soil . Appl. Environ. Microb. , 40 : 1060 – 1066 .
- Bremner , J. M. and Blackmer , A. M. 1978 . Nitrous oxide emission from soils during nitrification of fertilizer nitrogen . Science , 199 : 295 – 296 .
- Bremner , J. M. and Blackmer , A. M. 1981 . “ Terrestrial nitrification as a source of atmospheric nitrous oxide ” . In Denitrification, Nitrification, and Nitrous Oxide , Edited by: Delwiche , C. C. 151 – 170 . New York : Wiley .
- Bremner , J. M. and Blackmer , A. M. 1979 . Effects of acetylene and soil water content on emission of nitrous oxide from soils . Nature , 280 : 380 – 381 .
- Bremner , J. M. and Blackmer , A. M. 1980 . “ Mechanisms on nitrous oxide production in soil ” . In Biochemistry of Ancient and Modern Environments , Edited by: Trudinger , P. A. , Walter , M. R. and Ralph , R. J. 279 – 291 . Canberra : Australian Academy of Sciences .
- Rolston , D. E. , Hoffman , D. L. and Toy , D. W. 1978 . Field measurements of denitrification. 1. Flux of and . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 42 : 863 – 869 .
- Denmead , O. T. , Freney , J. R. and Simpson , J. R. 1979 . Studies of nitrous oxide emission from a grass sward . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 43 : 726 – 728 .
- Conrad , R. and Seiler , W. 1980 . Field measurements of the loss of fertilizer nitrogen into atmosphere as nitrous oxide . Atm. Environ. , 14 : 555 – 558 .
- Christensen , S. 1983 . Nitrous oxide emission from a soil under permanent grass: seasonal and diurnal fluctuations as influenced by manuring and fertilization . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 15 ( 5 ) : 531 – 536 .
- Mosier , A. R. , Stilwell , M. , Parton , W. J. and Woodmansee , R. G. 1981 . Nitrous oxide emissions from a native shortgrass prairie . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 45 : 617 – 619 .