Toxicity assessment of copper, pentachlorophenol and phenanthrene by lethal and sublethal endpoints on nauplii of Tigriopus fulvus

References

• ANZECC . “ Water Quality Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Waters ” . Australian and New Zeland Environment and Conservation Council, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1992
   Google Scholar
• Holdway , D. A. 1996 . The role of biomarker in risk assessment . Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess , 2 : 263 – 267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mccarty , L. S. and Munkittrick , K. R. 1996 . Environmental biomarker in aquatic toxicology: Fiction, fantasy or functional? . Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess , 2 : 268 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD 84 . “ A Report of the Workshop on Extrapolation of Laboratory Aquatic Toxicity Data to the Real Environment ” . OECD Environment Monograph No. 59, OCED, Paris, 1992
   Google Scholar
• Vernberg , W. B. , Calabrese , A. , Thurberg , F. P. and Vernberg , F. J. 1982 . Physiological Mechanisms of Marine Pollutant Toxicity , London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carli , A. , Mariottini , G. L. and Pane , L. Reproduction of the rockpools Harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus fulvus (Fischer 1860), suitable for aquaculture . XII Congress international d'Aquariologie . Monaco.
   Google Scholar
• Raisuddin , S. , Kwok , K. W.H. , Leung , K. M.Y. , Schlenk , D. and Lee , J.-S. 2007 . The copepod Tigriopus: A promising marine model organism for ecotoxicology and environmental genomics . Aquat. Toxicol , 83 : 161 – 173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD . “ Detailed review paper on aquatic arthropods in life cycle toxicity tests with an emphasis on developmental, reproductive and endocrine disruptive effects ” . OECD Series on Testing and Assessment No. 55, OECD, Paris, 2006
   Google Scholar
• Kwok , K. W.H. , Leung , K. M.Y. , Bao , V. W.W. and Lee , J. S. 2008 . Copper toxicity in the marine copepod Tigropus japonicus: Low variability and high reproducibility of repeated acute and life-cycle tests . Mar. Pollut. Bull , 57 : 632 – 636 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hall Jr , L. W. and Anderson , R. D. 1999 . A deterministic ecological risk assessment for copper in European saltwater environments . Mar. Pollut. Bull , 38 : 207 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Valkirs , A. O. , Seligman , P. F. , Haslbeck , E. and Caso , J. S. 2003 . Measurement of copper release rates from antifouling paint under laboratory and in situ conditions: Implications for loading estimation to marine water bodies . Mar. Pollut. Bull , 46 : 763 – 779 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell , P. and Moyte , J. 1967 . Acid–base titration across the membrane system of rat liver mitochondria. Catalysis by uncouplers . Biochem J , 104 : 588 – 600 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zha , J. , Wang , Z. and Schlenk , D. 2006 . Effects of pentachlorophenol on the reproduction of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) . Chem.-Biol. Interact , 161 : 26 – 36 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nimmo , D. R. and McEwen , L. C. 1993 . “ Pesticides ” . In Handbook of Ecotoxicology , Edited by: Calow , P. 155 – 203 . Oxford : Wiley-Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Kennish , M. J. 1992 . Ecology of Estuaries: Anthropogenic Effects , Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , C. H. , Hopkin , S. P. , Sibly , R. M. and Peakall , D. B. 2001 . Principles of Ecotoxicology , 2 , London : Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Latimer , J. S. and Zheng , J. 2003 . “ The sources, transport, and fate of PAHs in the marine environment ” . In An Ecotoxicological Perspective: PAHs , Edited by: Douben , P. E. 9 – 33 . London : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Fraser , J. H. 1936 . The occurrence, ecology and life history of Tigriopus fulvus (Fischer) . J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK , 20 : 523 – 536 .
   Google Scholar
• American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) . “ Standard Guide for Conducting Renewal Microplate-Based Life-Cycle Toxicity Tests with a Marine Meiobenthic Copepod ” . ASTM Standard No. E-2317-04, ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, 2004
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser , K. L.E. and Valdmanis , I. 1981 . Apparent octanol/water partition coefficients of pentachlorophenol as a function of pH . Can. J. Chem , 60 : 2104 – 2106 .
   Google Scholar
• Arcand , Y. , Hawari , J. and Guiot , S. R. 1995 . Solubility of pentachlorophenol in aqueous solutions: The pH effect . Water Res , 29 : 131 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fliedner , A. 1997 . Ecotoxicity of poorly water-soluble substances . Chemosphere , 35 : 295 – 305 .
   Google Scholar
• Faraponova , O. , Todaro , M. A. , Onorati , F. and Finora , M. G. 2003 . Sex and age sesitivity of Tigriopus fulvus (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) toward two heavy metals (CU and Cd) . Biol. Mar. Mediterr , 10 ( 2 ) : 679 – 681 .
   Google Scholar
• ISO/FDSI 14669 . 1999 . “ Water Quality – Determination of Acute Lethal Toxicity to Marine Copepods (Copepoda, Crustacea) ” . 16 Geneva : ISO .
   Google Scholar
• Finney , D. J. 1989 . Probit Analysis , 3 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dunnett , C. W. 1964 . New tables for multiple comparisons with a control . Biometrics , 20 : 482 – 491 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett , C. J. and Kontogiannis , J. E. 1975 . The effect of crude oil fractions on the survival of a tidepol copepod, Tigriopus californicus . Environ. Pollut , 8 : 45 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien , P. , Feldman , H. , Grill , E. V. and Lewis , A. G. 1998 . Copper tolerance of the life history stages of the splashpool copepod Tigriopus californicus (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser , 44 : 59 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Verriopoulos , G. and Moraittou-Apostolopoulou , M. 1982 . Differentiation of the sensitivity to copper and cadmium in different life stages of a copepod . Mar. Pollut. Bull , 13 : 123 – 125 .
   Google Scholar
• Di Pinto , L. , Coull , B. and Chandler , T. 1993 . Lethal and sublethal effects of the sediment-associated PCB Aroclor 1254 on a meiobenthic copepod . Environ. Toxicol. Chem , 12 : 1909 – 1918 .
   Google Scholar
• Green , A. , Chandler , T. and Piegorsh , W. 1996 . Life-stage specific toxicity of sediment-associated chlorpyrifos to a marine, infaunal copepod . Environ. Toxicol. Chem , 15 : 1182 – 1188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotufo , G. and Fleeger , J. 1997 . Effects of sediment-associated phenanthrene on survival, development and reproduction of two species of meiobenthic copepods . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser , 151 : 91 – 102 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonsowski , S. L. , Germond , D. J. and Gentile , J. H. 1979 . The effect of nutrition on the response of field populations of the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa to copper . Water Res , 13 : 449 – 452 .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , L. W. Jr , Anderson , R. D. , Lewis , B. L. and Arnold , W. R. 2008 . The influence of salinity and dissolved organic carbon on the toxicity of copper to the estuarine copepod . Eurytemora affinis, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol , 54 : 44 – 56 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dekker , T. , Greve , G. D. , Ter Laak , T. L. , Boivin , M. E. , Veuger , B. , Gortzak , G. , Dumfries , S. , Lucker , S. M.G. , Kraak , M. H.S. , Admiral , W. and Van der Geest , H. G. 2006 . Development and application of a sediment toxicity test using the benthic cladoceran Chidorus sphaericus . Environ. Pollut , 140–2 : 231 – 238 .
   Google Scholar
• Biesinger , K. E. and Christensen , G. M. 1972 . Effects of various metals on survival, growth, reproduction, and metabolism of Daphnia magna . J. Fish. Res. Board Canada , 29 : 1691 – 1700 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verriopoulos , G. “ Effect of sublethal concentrations of zinc, chromium and copper on the marine copepods Tisbae holothuriae and Acartia clausi ” . 265 – 275 . UNEP, MAP, Technical Reports series 65 (1992)
   Google Scholar
• Sreenivasa Rao , M. and Anjaneyulu , N. 2008 . Effect of copper sulfate on molt and reproduction in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei . Int. J. Biol. Chem , 2 : 35 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Terwilliger , N. B. and Ryan , M. 2001 . Ontogeny of crustacean respiratory proteins . Am. Zool , 41 : 1057 – 1067 .
   Google Scholar
• Terwilliger , N. B. 1999 . Hemolymph proteins and molting in crustaceans and insects . Am. Zool , 39 : 589 – 599 .
   Google Scholar
• Scow , K. , Goyer , M. , Payne , E. , Perwak , J. , Thomas , R. , Wallace , D. , Walker , P. , Wood , M. and Delpire , L. “ An exposure and risk assessment for pehtachlorophenol ” . Final Report. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA-440/4-81/021), USEPA, Washington, DC, 1980
   Google Scholar
• Repetto , G. , Jos , A. , Hazen , M. J. , Molero , M. L. , del Peso , A. , Salguero , M. , Castillo , P. D. , Rodriguez-Vicente , M. C. and Repetto , M. 2001 . A test battery for the ecotoxicological evaluation of pentachlorophenol . Toxicol. In Vitro , 15 : 503 – 509 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , W. W. and Finley , M. T. 1998 . “ Handbook of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates ” . 65 Washington, DC : US Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service .
   Google Scholar
• Parks , L. G. and LeBlanc , G. A. 1996 . Reductions in steroid hormone biotransformation/elimination as a biomarker of pentachlorophenol chronic toxicity . Aquat. Toxicol , 34 : 291 – 303 .
   Google Scholar
• Conklin , P. J. and Rao , K. R. 1978 . “ Toxicity of sodium pentachlorophenate to the grass shrimp Paleomonetes pugio in relation to the molt cycle ” . In Pentachlorophenol: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology , Edited by: Rao , K. R. 181 – 192 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Olmstead , A. W. and LeBlanc , G. A. 2005 . Toxicity assessment of environmentally relevant pollutant mixtures using a heuristic model . Integrated Environ. Assess. Manage , 1 : 114 – 122 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evans , A. D. and Nipper , M. 2007 . Toxicity of phenanthrene and lindane mixtures to marine invertebrates . Environ. Toxicol , 22 : 495 – 501 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar