Prokaryotic activities and abundance in pelagic areas of the Ionian Sea

References

• Malanotte-Rizzoli , P. , Manca , B. B. , Ribera d'Alcalà , M. , Theocharis , A. , Brenner , S. , Budillon , G. and Ozsoy , G. E. 1999 . The eastern Mediterranean in the 80’s and in the 90’s: The big transition in the intermediate and deep circulation . Dynam. Atmosph. Oceans , 29 : 365 – 395 .
   Google Scholar
• Roether , W. , Manca , B. B. , Klein , B. , Bregant , D. , Georgopoulos , D. , Beitzel , V. , Kovacevic , D. V. and Luchetta , A. 1996 . Recent changes in eastern Mediterranean deep waters . Science , 271 : 333 – 335 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein , B. , Roether , W. , Manca , B. B. , Bregant , D. , Beitzel , V. , Kovacevic , V. and Luchetta , A. 1999 . The large deep water transient in the eastern Mediterranean . Deep-Sea Res. I , 46 ( 1 ) : 371 – 414 .
   Google Scholar
• Pinardi , N. and Masetti , E. 2000 . Variability of large general circulation of the Mediterranean Sea from observations and modelling: A review . Paleogeogr. Paleoclimat. Paleoecol. , 158 : 153 – 174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theocharis , A. 2008 . “ Do we expect significant changes in the Thermohaline Circulation in the Mediterranean in relation to the observed surface layer warming? ” . In Climate Warming and Related Changes in Mediterranean Marine Biota Edited by: Briand , F. 25 – 29 . Monaco CIESM Workshop Monographs No. 35
   Google Scholar
• Manca , B. B. , Kovacevic , V. , Gacic , M. and Viezzoli , D. 2002 . Dense water formation in the southern Adriatic Sea and interaction with the Ionian Sea in the period 1997–1999 . J. Mar. Syst. , 33–34 : 133 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Boero , F. , Fèral , J. P. , Azzurro , E. , Cardine , V. , Riedel , B. , Despalatooviç , M. , Munda , I. , Moschella , P. , Zaouali , J. , Fonda Umani , S. , Theocharis , A. , Wiltshire , K. and Briand , F. 2008 . “ Climate Warming and Related Changes in Mediterranean Marine Biota ” . Edited by: Briand , F. 5 – 21 . Monaco in CIESM Workshop Monographs No. 35
   Google Scholar
• Malanotte-Rizzoli , P. , Manca , B. B. , Ribera d'Alcalà , M. , Theocharis , A. , Bergamasco , A. , Bregant , D. , Budillon , G. , Civitarese , G. , Georgopoulos , D. , Korres , G. , Lascaratos , A. , Michelato , A. , Sansone , E. , Scarazzato , P. and Souvermezoglou , E. 1997 . A synthesis of the Ionian Sea hydrography. Circulation and water mass pathways during POEM phase I . Prog. Oceanogr. , 39 ( 3 ) : 153 – 204 .
   Google Scholar
• Lermusiaux , P. F.J. and Robinson , A. R. 2001 . Features of dominant mesoscale variability, circulation patterns and dynamics in the Strait of Sicily . Deep-Sea Res. I , 48 : 1953 – 1997 .
   Google Scholar
• Nagata , T. 2000 . “ Production mechanisms of dissolved organic matter ” . In Microbial Ecology of Oceans , Edited by: Kirchman , D. L. 121 – 152 . New York : Wiley-Liss .
   Google Scholar
• Obernosterer , I. and Herndl , G. J. 1995 . Phytoplankton extracellular release and bacterial growth: Dependence on the inorganic N:P ratio . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 116 : 247 – 257 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herndl , G. , Agoguè , H. , Baltar , F. , Reinthaler , T. , Sintes , E. and Valera , M. M. 2008 . Regulation of aquatic microbial processes: The ‘microbial loop’ of the sunlit surface waters and the dark ocean dissected . Aquat. Microb. Ecol. , 53 : 59 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Caruso , G. and Zaccone , R. 2000 . Estimates of leucine–aminopeptidase activity in different marine and brackish environments . J. Appl. Microbiol. , 89 : 951 – 959 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaccone , R. , Caruso , G. and Calì , C. 2002 . Heterotrophic bacteria in the northern Adriatic Sea: Seasonal changes and ectoenzyme profile . Mar. Environ. Res. , 54 : 1 – 19 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tamburini , C. , Garcin , J. , Ragor , M. and Bianchi , A. 2002 . Biopolymer hydrolysis and bacterial production under ambient hydrostatic pressure through a 2000 m water column in the NW Mediterranean . Deep-Sea Res. II , 49 : 2109 – 2123 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Wambeke , F. , Heussner , S. , Diaz , F. , Raimbault , P. and Conan , P. 2002 . Small-scale variability in the coupling/uncoupling of bacteria, phytoplankton and organic carbon fluxes along the continental margin of the Gulf of Lions, northwestern Mediterranean Sea . J. Mar. Syst. , 33–34 : 411 – 429 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misic , C. and Fabiano , M. 2006 . Ectoenzymatic activity and its relationship to chlorophyll-a and bacteria in the Gulf of Genoa (Ligurian Sea, NW Mediterrranean) . J. Mar. Syst. , 60 : 193 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaccone , R. , Monticelli , L. S. , Seritti , A. , Santinelli , C. , Azzaro , M. , Boldrin , A. , La Ferla , R. and Ribera D'Alcalà , M. 2003 . Bacterial processes in the intermediate and deep layers of the Ionian Sea in winter 1999: Vertical profiles and their relationship to the different water masses . J. Geophys. Res. , 108 ( C9 ) : 8117-1 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Wambeke , F. , Christaki , U. , Giannakourou , A. , Moutin , T. and Souvemerzoglou , K. 2002 . Longitudinal and vertical trends of bacterial limitation by phosphorus and carbon in the Mediterranean Sea . Microb. Ecol. , 43 : 119 – 133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magagnini , M. , Corinaldesi , C. , Monticelli , L. S. , De Domenico , E. and Danovaro , R. 2007 . Viral abundance and distribution in mesopelagic and bathypelagic waters of the Mediterranean Sea . Deep-Sea Res. I , 54 : 1209 – 1220 .
   Google Scholar
• Arístegui , J. , Gasol , G. M. , Duarte , C. M. and Herndl , G. J. 2009 . Microbial oceanography of the dark ocean's pelagic realm . Limnol. Oceanogr. , 54 ( 5 ) : 1501 – 1529 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkinson , C. S. Jr. and Smith , E. M. 2005 . “ Estuarine respiration: An overview of bentic, pelagic and whole system respiration ” . In Respiration in Aquatic Ecosystems , 122 – 146 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Santinelli , C. , Gasparini , G. P. , Nannicini , L. and Seritti , A. 2002 . Vertical distribution of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the western Mediterranean Sea in relation to the hydrological characteristics . Deep-Sea Res. I , 49 : 2203 – 2219 .
   Google Scholar
• Tamburini , C. , Garcin , J. and Bianchi , A. 2003 . Role of deep-sea bacteria in organic matter mineralization and adaptation to hydrostatic pressure conditions in the NW Mediterranean Sea . Aquat. Microb. Ecol. , 32 : 209 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Ferla , R. , Azzaro , F. , Azzaro , M. , Caruso , G. , Decembrini , F. , Leonardi , M. , Maimone , G. , Monticelli , L. S. , Raffa , F. , Santinelli , C. , Zaccone , R. and Ribera d'Alcalà , M. 2005 . Microbial contribution to carbon biogeochemistry in the Mediterranean Sea: Variability of activities and biomass . J. Mar. Syst. , 57 : 146 – 166 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misic , C. , Castellano , M. , Ruggieri , N. and Covazzi Harriague , A. 2008 . Variations in ectoenzymatic hydrolytic activity in an oligotrophic environment (southern Tyrrhenian Sea, W Mediterranean) . J. Mar. Syst. , 73 : 123 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoppe , H. G. and Ulrich , S. 1999 . Profile of ectoenzymes in the Indian Ocean: Phenomena of phosphatase activity in the mesopelagic zone . Aquat. Microb. Ecol. , 19 : 139 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltar , F. , Arístegui , J. , Sintes , E. , van Haken , H. M. , Gasol , J. M. and Herndl , G. J. 2009 . Prokaryotic extracellular enzyme activity in relation to biomass production and respiration in the meso- and bathypelagic waters of the (sub)tropical Atlantic . Environ. Microbiol. , 11 ( 8 ) : 1998 – 2014 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zaccone , R. , Monticelli , L. S. and Zampino , D. 2004 . Variability of enzymatic activities in the Ionian Sea . Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Méditerr. , 37 : 298
   Google Scholar
• Monticelli , L. S. , Caruso , G. , De Domenico , E. , Azzaro , F. , Azzaro , M. , La Ferla , R. , Leonardi , M. , Maimone , G. and Decembrini , F. 2008 . Attività e biomasse microbiche nelle acque superficiali del Mar Ionio . Proc. Ital. Assoc. Oceanol. Limnol. , 19 : 349 – 359 .
   Google Scholar
• El Hag , A. G.D. and Fogg , G. E. 1986 . The distribution of coccoid blue–green algae (cyanobacteria) in the Menai Strait and the Irish Sea . Br. J. Phycol. , 21 : 45 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter , K. G. and Feig , Y. S. 1980 . The use of DAPI for identifying and counting aquatic microflora . Limnol. Oceanogr. , 25 : 943 – 948 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , D. C. and Azam , F. 1992 . A simple, economical method for measuring bacterial protein synthesis rates in seawater using 3H-leucine . Mar. Microb. Food Webs , 6 : 107 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• Kirchman , D. L. 1993 . “ Leucine incorporation as a measure of biomass production by heterotrophic bacteria ” . In Handbook of Methods in Aquatic Microbial Ecology , Edited by: Kemp , P. F , Sherr , B. F. and Sherr , E. B. 509 – 512 . Boca Raton, FL : Lewis .
   Google Scholar
• Hoppe , H. G. 1983 . Significance of exoenzymatic activities in the ecology of brackish water: measurements by means of methylumbelliferyl-substrates . Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. , 11 : 299 – 308 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzara , L. , Bianchi , F. , Falcucci , M. , Hull , V. , Modigh , M. and Ribera D'Alcalà , M. 1990 . Pigmenti clorofilliani . Nova Thalassia , 11 : 207 – 223 .
   Google Scholar
• Iseki , K. , MacDonald , R. W. and Carmack , E. 1987 . Distribution of particulate matter in the south-eastern Beaufort Sea in late summer . Proc. NIPR Symp. Polar Biol. , 1 : 35 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Strickland , J. D.H. and Parsons , T. R. 1972 . “ A Practical Handbook of Seawater Analysis ” . Canada : Bulletin of Fishery Research .
   Google Scholar
• Packard , T. T. 1971 . The measurement of respiratory electron transport activity in marine phytoplankton . J. Mar. Res. , 29 : 235 – 244 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Ferla , R. , Azzaro , M. , Civitarese , G. and Ribera D'Alcalà , M. 2003 . Distribution patterns of carbon oxidation in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Evidence of changes in remineralization processes . J. Geophys. Res. , 108 : 8111-1 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Pollard , P. C. and Moriarty , D. J.W. 1984 . Validity of the tritiated thymidine methods for estimating bacterial growth rates: Measurement of isotope dilution during DNA synthesis . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 48 : 1076 – 1083 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• La Ferla , R , Azzaro , M. and Maimone , G. 2006 . Microbial respiration and trophic regimes in the northern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea) . Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. , 69 : 196 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packard , T. T. , Denis , M. , Rodier , M. and Garfield , P. 1988 . Deep-ocean metabolic CO2 production: Calculations from ETS activity . Deep-Sea Res. I , 35 : 371 – 382 .
   Google Scholar
• Azzaro , M. , La Ferla , R. and Azzaro , F. 2006 . Microbial respiration in the aphotic zone of the Ross Sea (Antarctica) . Mar. Chem. , 99 : 199 – 209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• del Giorgio , P. A. and Cole , J. J. 1998 . Bacterial growth efficiency in natural aquatic systems . Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , 29 : 503 – 541 .
   Google Scholar
• Clarke , K. R. and Warwick , R. M. 2001 . A further biodiversity index applicable to species lists: Variation in taxonomic distinctness . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 216 : 265 – 278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke , K. R. and Warwick , R. M. 1994 . Similarity-based testing for community pattern: The 2-way layout with no replication . Mar. Biol. , 118 : 167 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boldrin , A. , Miserocchi , S. , Rabitti , S. , Turchetto , M. M. , Balboni , V. and Socal , G. 2002 . Particulate matter in the southern Adriatic and Ionian Seas: Characterisation and downward fluxes . J. Mar. Syst. , 33–34 : 389 – 410 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka , T. and Rassoulzadegan , F. 2004 . Vertical and seasonal variations of bacterial abundance and production in the mesopelagic layer of the NW Mediterranean Sea: Bottom-up and top-down controls . Deep-Sea Res. I , 51 : 531 – 544 .
   Google Scholar
• Thingstad , T. F. and Rassoulzadegan , R. 1995 . Nutrient limitation, microbial food webs, and ‘biological C-pumps’, suggested interaction in a P-limited Mediterranean . Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. , 117 : 125 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Minas , H. J. 1970 . La distribution de l'oxygéne dissous en relation avec la production primaire en Méditerranée Nord-Occidentale . Mar. Biol. , 7 : 181 – 204 .
   Google Scholar
• Thingstad , T. F. , Krom , M. D. , Mantoura , R. F.C. , Flaten , G. A.F. , Groom , S. , Herut , B. , Kress , N. , Law , CS. , Pasternak , A. , Pitta , P. , Psarra , S. , Rassoulzadegan , F. , Tanaka , T. , Tselepides , A. , Wassmann , P. , Woodward , E. M.S. , Wexels Riser , C. , Zodiatis , G. and Zohary , T. 2005 . Nature of P limitation in the ultraoligotrophic eastern Mediterranean . Science , 309 : 1068 – 1071 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misic , C. and Covazzi Harriague , A. 2008 . Organic matter recycling in a shallow coastal zone (NW Mediterranean): The influence of local and global climatic forcing and organic matter lability on hydrolytic enzyme activity . Contin. Shelf Res. , 28 : 2725 – 2735 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kritzberg , E. S. , Arietta , J. M. and Duarte , C. M. 2010 . Temperature and phosphorous regulating carbon flux through bacteria in a coastal marine system . Aquat. Microb. Ecol. , 58 : 141 – 151 .
   Google Scholar
• Huston , A. L. and Deming , J. 2002 . Relationships between microbial extracellular enzymatic activity and suspended and sinking particulate organic matter: Seasonal transformations in the North Water . Deep-Sea Res. II , 49 : 5211 – 5225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rath , J. , Schiller , C. and Herndl , G. J. 1996 . Ectoenzymatic activity and bacterial dynamic along a trophic gradient in the Caribbean Sea . Mar Ecol. Progr. Ser. , 102 : 89 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• La Ferla , R. , Zaccone , R. , Azzaro , M. and Caruso , G. 2002 . Microbial respiratory activities in the northern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea) . Chem. Ecol. , 18 : 75 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Wambeke , F. , Christaki , F. , Bianchi , U. , Psarra , M. and Tselepides , A. 2000 . Heterotrophic bacterial production in the Cretan Sea (NE Mediterranean) . Prog. Oceanogr. , 46 : 205 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zohary , T. and Robarts , R. V. 1998 . Experimental study of microbial P limitation in the eastern Mediterranean . Limnol. Oceanogr. , 43 ( 3 ) : 387 – 395 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , D. C. , Simons , M. , Alldredge , A. L. and Azam , F. 1992 . Intense hydrolytic enzyme activity on marine aggregates and implication for rapid particle dissolution . Nature , 359 : 139 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoppe , H. G. , Arnosti , C. and Herndl , G. J. 2002 . “ Ecological significance of bacterial enzymes in the marine environment ” . In Enzyme in the Environment: Activity Ecology and Application , Edited by: Burns , R. G. and Dick , R. P. 73 – 108 . New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Azam , F. , Smith , D. C. , Steward , G. F. and Hagstrom , A. 1993 . Bacteria–organic matter coupling and significance for carbon cycling . Microb. Ecol. , 28 : 167 – 179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltar , F. , Arístegui , J. , Gasol , J. M. , Sintes , E. , van Haken , H. M. and Herndl , G. J. 2010 . High dissolved extracellular enzymatic activity in the deep central Atlantic Ocean . Aquat. Microb. Ecol. , 58 : 287 – 302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misic , C. , Castellano , M. , Ruggieri , N. and Covazzi Harriague , A. 2008 . Variations in ectoenzymatic hydrolytic activity in an oligotrophic environment (southern Tyrrhenian Sea, W Mediterranean) . J. Mar. Syst. , 73 : 123 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez , J. , Smith , D. C. , Steward , F. and Azam , F. 1996 . Variability in ectohydrolytic enzyme activities of pelagic marine bacteria and its significance for substrate processing in the sea . Aquat. Microb. Ecol. , 10 : 223 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morita , R. Y. 1984 . Feast or famine in the deep sea. Developments in industrial microbiology . Soc. Int. Microbiol. , 25 : 5 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Tanaka , T. and Rassoulzadegan , F. 2002 . Full-depth profile (0–2000 m) of bacteria, heterotrophic nanoflagellates and ciliates in the NW Mediterranean Sea: Vertical partitioning of microbial trophic structures . Deep-Sea Res. II , 49 : 2093 – 2107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoppe , H. G. 1993 . “ Use of fluorogenic model substrates for extracellular enzyme activity (EEA) measurement of bacteria ” . In Handbook of Methods in Aquatic Microbial Ecology , Edited by: Kemp , P. F. , Sherr , B. F. and Sherr , E. B. 423 – 432 . Boca Raton, FL : Lewis .
   Google Scholar
• Tamburini , C. , Garcin , J. and Bianchi , A. 2002 . Role of deep-sea bacteria in organic matter mineralization and adaptation to hydrostatic pressure conditions in the NW Mediterranean Sea . Aquat. Microb. Ecol. , 32 : 209 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , T. R. and Turley , C. M. 2003 . Low bacterial growth efficiency in the oligotrophic eastern Mediterranean Sea: A modelling analysis . J. Plankton Res. , 25 ( 9 ) : 1011 – 1019 .
   Google Scholar
• Gasol , J. M. , Doval , M. D. , Pinhassi , J. , Calderon-Paz , J. I. , Guixa-Bouixareu , N. , Vaqué , D. and Pedrós-Alió , C. 1998 . Diel variations in bacterial heterotrophic activity and growth in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 164 : 107 – 124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• del Giorgio , P. A. and Duarte , C. M. 2002 . Respiration in the open ocean . Nature , 420 : 379 – 384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cajal-Medrano , R. and Maske , H. 2005 . Growth efficiency and respiration at different growth rates in glucose-limited chemostat with natural marine bacteria populations . Aquat. Microb. Ecol. , 38 : 125 – 133 .
   Google Scholar
• Thingstad , T. F. and Mantoura , R. F.C. 2005 . Tritrating excess nitrogen content of phosphorous-deficient eastern Mediterranean surface water using alkaline phosphatase activity as bio-indicator . Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods , 3 : 94 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Chròst , R. J. 1991 . “ Environmental control of the synthesis and activity of aquatic microbial ectoenzymes ” . In Microbial Enzymes in Aquatic Environments , Edited by: Chròst , R. J. 29 – 59 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Hoppe , H. G. 2003 . Phosphatase activity in the sea . Hydrobiologia , 493 : 187 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar