References
- Mannino D M, Homa D M, Akinbami L J, Moorman J E, Gwynn C, Redd S C. Surveillance for asthma–United States, 1980–1999. MMWR Surveill Summ 2002; 51: 1–13
- Kimm S Y, Obarzanek E. Childhood obesity: a new pandemic of the new millennium. Pediatrics 2002; 110: 1003–1007
- Nystad W, Meyer H E, Nafstad P, Tverdal A, Engeland A. Body mass index in relation to adult asthma among 135,000 Norwegian men and women. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 160: 969–976
- Camargo C A, Jr, Weiss S T, Zhang S, Willett W C, Speizer F E. Prospective study of body mass index, weight change, and risk of adult-onset asthma in women. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159: 2582–2588
- Gilliland F D, Berhane K, Islam T, McConnell R, Gauderman W J, Gilliland S S, Avol E, Peters J M. Obesity and the risk of newly diagnosed asthma in school-age children. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 158: 406–415
- Castro-Rodriguez J A, Holberg C J, Morgan W J, Wright A L, Martinez F D. Increased incidence of asthmalike symptoms in girls who become overweight or obese during the school years. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 1344–1349
- Gold D R, Damokosh A I, Dockery D W, Berkey C S. Body-mass index as a predictor of incident asthma in a prospective cohort of children. Pediatr Pulmonol 2003; 36: 514–521
- Mannino D M, Mott J, Ferdinands J M, Camargo C A, Friedman M, Greves H M, Redd S C. Boys with high body masses have an increased risk of developing asthma: findings from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30: 6–13
- Shore S A, Johnston R A. Obesity and asthma. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 110: 83–102
- Lucas S R, Platts-Mills T A. Paediatric asthma and obesity. Paediatr Respir Rev 2006; 7: 233–238
- Wilson M M, Irwin R S. The association of asthma and obesity: is it real or a matter of definition, Presbyterian minister's salaries, and earlobe creases?. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159: 2513–2514
- Schachter L M, Salome C M, Peat J K, Woolcock A J. Obesity is a risk for asthma and wheeze but not airway hyperresponsiveness. Thorax 2001; 56: 4–8
- Schachter L M, Peat J K, Salome C M. Asthma and atopy in overweight children. Thorax 2003; 58: 1031–1035
- Camargo C A, Jr, Weiss S T, Zhang S, Willett W C, Speizer F E. Prospective study of body mass index, weight change, and risk of adult-onset asthma in women. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159: 2582–2588
- Nystad W, Meyer H E, Nafstad P, Tverdal A, Engeland A. Body mass index in relation to adult asthma among 135,000 Norwegian men and women. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 160: 969–976
- Mannino D M, Mott J, Ferdinands J M, Camargo C A, Friedman M, Greves H M, Redd S C. Boys with high body masses have an increased risk of developing asthma: findings from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30: 6–13
- Ford E S. The epidemiology of obesity and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115: 897–909
- Clift A D, Day B J. Underdiagnosis of childhood asthma. Br Med J 1978; 2: 896–897
- Bye M R, Kerstein D, Barsh E. The importance of spirometry in the assessment of childhood asthma. Am J Dis Child 1992; 146: 977–978
- Nish W A, Schwietz L A. Underdiagnosis of asthma in young adults presenting for USAF basic training. Ann Allergy 1992; 69: 239–242
- Kolnaar B, Beissel E, van den Bosch W J, Folgering H, van den Hoogen H J, van Weel C. Asthma in adolescents and young adults: screening outcome versus diagnosis in general practice. Fam. Pract 1994; 11: 133–140
- Siersted H C, Boldsen J, Hansen H S, Mostgaard G, Hyldebrandt N. Population based study of risk factors for underdiagnosis of asthma in adolescence: Odense schoolchild study. BMJ 1998; 316: 651–655
- Ortega A N, Gergen P J, Paltiel A D, Bauchner H, Belanger K D, Leaderer B P. Impact of site of care, race, and Hispanic ethnicity on medication use for childhood asthma. Pediatrics 2002; 109: E1
- Joffe G P, Rodewald L E, Herbert T, Barth R, Szilagyi P G. Scattering of primary care: doctor switching and utilization of health care by children on fee-for-service Medicaid. J Urban Health 1999; 76: 322–334
- Ferris T G, Crain E F, Oken E, Wang L, Clark S, Camargo C A, Jr. Insurance and quality of care for children with acute asthma. Ambul. Pediatr 2001; 1: 267–274
- Lozano P, Connell F A, Koepsell T D. Use of health services by African-American children with asthma on Medicaid. JAMA 1995; 274: 469–473
- Bibi H, Shoseyov D, Feigenbaum D, Genis M, Friger M, Peled R, Sharff S. The relationship between asthma and obesity in children: is it real or a case of over diagnosis?. J Asthma 2004; 41: 403–410
- Lucas A, Smeenk F, Smeele I, van Schayck C. Overtreatment with inhaled corticosteroids and diagnostic problems in primary care patients, an exploratory study. Fam Pract 2008; 25: 86–91
- LindenSmith J, Morrison D, Deveau C, Hernandez P. Overdiagnosis of asthma in the community. Can Respir J 2004; 11: 111–116
- Martinez F J, Stanopoulos I, Acero R, Becker F S, Pickering R, Beamis J F. Graded comprehensive cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the evaluation of dyspnea unexplained by routine evaluation. Chest 1994; 105: 168–174
- Hunter C J, Brightling C E, Woltmann G, Wardlaw A J, Pavord I D. A comparison of the validity of different diagnostic tests in adults with asthma. Chest 2002; 121: 1051–1057
- Hammo A H, Weinberger M M. Exercise-induced hyperventilation: a pseudoasthma syndrome. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1999; 82: 574–578
- Weinberger M, Abu-Hasan M. Pseudo-asthma: when cough, wheezing, and dyspnea are not asthma. Pediatrics 2007; 120: 855–864
- Martinez F J, Stanopoulos I, Acero R, Becker F S, Pickering R, Beamis J F. Graded comprehensive cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the evaluation of dyspnea unexplained by routine evaluation. Chest 1994; 105: 168–174
- Bai J, Peat J K, Berry G, Marks G B, Woolcock A J. Questionnaire items that predict asthma and other respiratory conditions in adults. Chest 1998; 114: 1343–1348
- Cindik N, Baskin E, Agras P I, Kinik S T, Turan M, Saatci U. Effect of obesity on inflammatory markers and renal functions. Acta Paediatr 2005; 94: 1732–1737
- Visser M, Bouter L M, McQuillan G M, Wener M H, Harris T B. Low-grade systemic inflammation in overweight children. Pediatrics 2001; 107: E13
- Ford E S, Galuska D A, Gillespie C, Will J C, Giles W H, Dietz W H. C-reactive protein and body mass index in children: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. J Pediatr 2001; 138: 486–492
- Economou E V, Malamitsi-Puchner A V, Pitsavos C P, Kouskouni E E, Magaziotou-Elefsinioti I, Creatsas G. Low-grade systemic inflammation profile, unrelated to homocysteinemia, in obese children. Mediators Inflamm 2005; 337–342
- Khoshoo V, Haydel R, Saturno E. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and asthma in children. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2006; 8: 237–243
- Khoshoo V, Haydel R, Jr. Effect of antireflux treatment on asthma exacerbations in nonatopic children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 44: 331–335
- Littner M R, Leung F, Ballard E D, Huang B, Samra N K. Effects of 24 weeks of lansoprazole therapy on asthma symptoms, exacerbations, quality of life, and pulmonary function in adult asthmatic patients with acid reflux symptoms. Chest 2005; 128: 1128–1135
- Kennedy T M, Jones R H, Hungin A P, O'flanagan H. Kelly. Irritable bowel syndrome, gastro-oesophageal reflux, and bronchial hyper-responsiveness in the general population. Gut 1998; 43: 770–774
- Ramagopal M, Scharf S M, Roberts D W, Blaisdell C J. Obstructive sleep apnea and history of asthma in snoring children. Sleep Breath 2008; 12: 381–392
- Ekici A, Ekici M, Kurtipek E, Keles H, Kara T, Tunckol M, Kocyigit P. Association of asthma-related symptoms with snoring and apnea and effect on health-related quality of life. Chest 2005; 128: 3358–3363
- Sulit L G, Storfer-Isser A, Rosen C L, Kirchner H L, Redline S. Associations of obesity, sleep-disordered breathing, and wheezing in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171: 659–664
- Shore S A, Johnston R A. Obesity and asthma. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 110: 83–102
- Lucas S R, Platts-Mills T A. Paediatric asthma and obesity. Paediatr Respir Rev 2006; 7: 233–238
- Ford E S. The epidemiology of obesity and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115: 897–909
- Bibi H, Shoseyov D, Feigenbaum D, Genis M, Friger M, Peled R, Sharff S. The relationship between asthma and obesity in children: is it real or a case of over diagnosis?. J Asthma 2004; 41: 403–410
- Wilson M M. Irwin. The association of asthma and obesity: is it real or a matter of definition, Presbyterian minister's salaries, and earlobe creases?. Arch Intern Med, 159: 2513–2514
- Carroll C L, Bhandari A, Zucker A R, Schramm C M. Childhood obesity increases duration of therapy during severe asthma exacerbations. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2006; 7: 527–531
- Carroll C L, Stoltz P, Raykov N, Smith S R, Zucker A R. Childhood overweight increases hospital admission rates for asthma. Pediatrics 2007; 120: 734–740
- Bender B G, Fuhlbrigge A, Walders N, Zhang L. Overweight, race, and psychological distress in children in the Childhood Asthma Management Program. Pediatrics 2007; 120: 805–813
- Abramson N W, Wamboldt F S, Mansell A L, Carter R, Federico M J, Wamboldt M Z. Frequency and correlates of overweight status in adolescent asthma. J Asthma 2008; 45: 135–139
- Ogden C L, Carroll M D, Curtin L R, McDowell M A, Tabak C J, Flegal K M. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999–2004. JAMA 2006; 295: 1549–1555
- Toren K, Brisman J, Jarvholm B. Asthma and asthma-like symptoms in adults assessed by questionnaires. A literature review. Chest 1993; 104: 600–608
- Ford E S. The epidemiology of obesity and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115: 897–909
- Wu A W, Young Y, Skinner E A, Diette G B, Huber M, Peres A, Steinwachs D. Quality of care and outcomes of adults with asthma treated by specialists and generalists in managed care. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 2554–2560
- Schatz M, Zeiger R S, Mosen D, Apter A J, Vollmer W M, Stibolt T B, Leong A, Johnson M S, Mendoza G, Cook E F. Improved asthma outcomes from allergy specialist care: a population-based cross-sectional analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116: 1307–1313
- Vollmer W M, O'Hollaren M, Ettinger K M, Stibolt T, Wilkins J, Buist A S, Linton K L, Osborne M L. Specialty differences in the management of asthma. A cross-sectional assessment of allergists' patients and generalists' patients in a large HMO. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 1201–1208
- Kanter L J, Siegel C J, Snyder C F, Pelletier E M, Buchner D A, Goss T F. Impact of respiratory symptoms on health-related quality of life and medical resource utilization of patients treated by allergy specialists and primary care providers. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002; 89: 139–147
- Kanter L J, Siegel C J, Snyder C F, Pelletier E M, Buchner D A, Goss T F. Impact of respiratory symptoms on health-related quality of life and medical resource utilization of patients treated by allergy specialists and primary care providers. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002; 89: 139–147
- Schatz M, Zeiger R S, Mosen D, Apter A J, Vollmer W M, Stibolt T B, Leong A, Johnson M S, Mendoza G, Cook E F. Improved asthma outcomes from allergy specialist care: a population-based cross-sectional analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116: 1307–1313
- Lucas A, Smeenk F, Smeele I, van Schayck C. Overtreatment with inhaled corticosteroids and diagnostic problems in primary care patients: an exploratory study. Fam Pract 2008; 25: 86–91
- LindenSmith J, Morrison D, Deveau C, Hernandez P. Overdiagnosis of asthma in the community. Can. Respir J 2004; 11: 111–116
- Cagney M, MacIntyre C R, McIntyre P B, Peat J. Childhood asthma diagnosis and use of asthma medication. AustFam Physician 2005; 34: 193–196
- Joyce D P, Chapman K R, Kesten S. Prior diagnosis and treatment of patients with normal results of methacholine challenge and unexplained respiratory symptoms. Chest 1996; 109: 697–701
- Weinberger M, Abu-Hasan M. Pseudo-asthma: when cough, wheezing, and dyspnea are not asthma. Pediatrics 2007; 120: 855–864
- Tantisira K G, Litonjua A A, Weiss S T, Fuhlbrigge A L. Association of body mass with pulmonary function in the Childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP). Thorax 2003; 58: 1036–1041
- Hancox R J, Milne B J, Poulton R, Taylor D R, Greene D R, McLachlan C R, Cowan J O, Flannery E M, Herbison G P, Sears M R. Sex differences in the relation between body mass index and asthma and atopy in a birth cohort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171: 440–445
- Jones R L, Nzekwu M M. The effects of body mass index on lung volumes. Chest 2006; 130: 827–833
- Sin D D, Jones R L, Man S F. Obesity is a risk factor for dyspnea but not for airflow obstruction. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 1477–1481
- Jones R L, Nzekwu M M. The effects of body mass index on lung volumes. Chest 2006; 130: 827–833
- Boran P, Tokuc G, Pisgin B, Oktem S, Yegin Z, Bostan O. Impact of obesity on ventilatory function. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2007; 83: 171–176
- Bibi H, Shoseyov D, Feigenbaum D, Genis M, Friger M, Peled R, Sharff S. The relationship between asthma and obesity in children: is it real or a case of over diagnosis?. J Asthma 2004; 41: 403–410
- Li A M, Chan D, Wong E, Yin J, Nelson E A, Fok T F. The effects of obesity on pulmonary function. Arch Dis Child 2003; 88: 361–363
- Inselma L S, Milanese A, Deurloo A. Effect of obesity on pulmonary function in children. Pediatr Pulmonol 1993; 16: 130–137
- Fung K P, Lau S P, Chow O K, Lee J, Wong T W. Effects of overweight on lung function. Arch Dis Child 1990; 65: 512–515
- Dixon A E, Shade D M, Cohen R I, Skloot G S, Holbrook J T, Smith L J, Lima J J, Allayee H, Irvin C G, Wise R A. Effect of obesity on clinical presentation and response to treatment in asthma. J Asthma 2006; 43: 553–558
- Celedon J C, Palmer L J, Litonjua A A, Weiss S T, Wang B, Fang Z, Xu X. Body mass index and asthma in adults in families of subjects with asthma in Anqing, China. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 1835–1840
- Chinn S, Jarvis D, Burney P. Relation of bronchial responsiveness to body mass index in the ECRHS. European Community Respiratory Health Survey. Thorax 2002; 57: 1028–1033
- Huang S L, Shiao G, Chou P. Association between body mass index and allergy in teenage girls in Taiwan. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29: 323–329
- Gilliland F D, Berhane K, Islam T, McConnell R, Gauderman W J, Gilliland S S, Avol E, Peters J M. Obesity and the risk of newly diagnosed asthma in school-age children. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 158: 406–415
- Kronander U N, Falkenberg M, Zetterstrom O. Prevalence and incidence of asthma related to waist circumference and BMI in a Swedish community sample. Respir Med 2004; 98: 1108–1116
- Kornerup K N, Page C P. The role of platelets in the pathophysiology of asthma. Platelets 2007; 18: 319–328
- Berry M, Morgan A, Shaw D E, Parker D, Green R, Brightling C, Bradding P, Wardlaw A J, Pavord I D. Pathological features and inhaled corticosteroid response of eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic asthma. Thorax 2007; 62: 1043–1049
- Dixon A E, Shade D M, Cohen R I, Skloot G S, Holbrook J T, Smith L J, Lima J J, Allayee H, Irvin C G, Wise R A. Effect of obesity on clinical presentation and response to treatment in asthma. J Asthma 2006; 43: 553–558
- Boulet L P, Franssen E. Influence of obesity on response to fluticasone with or without salmeterol in moderate asthma. Respir Med 2007; 101: 2240–2247
- Carroll C L, Bhandari A, Zucker A R, Schramm C M. Childhood obesity increases duration of therapy during severe asthma exacerbations. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2007; 7: 527–531
- Komakula S, Khatri S, Mermis J, Savill S, Haque S, Rojas M, Brown L, Teague G W, Holguin F. Body mass index is associated with reduced exhaled nitric oxide and higher exhaled 8-isoprostanes in asthmatics. Respir Res 2007; 8: 32