Smokers who have children with asthma: Perceptions about child secondhand smoke exposure and tobacco use initiation and parental willingness to participate in child-focused tobacco interventions

References

• Bossley C, Saglani S. Corticosteroid responsiveness and clinical characteristics in childhood difficult asthma. Eur Respir J 2009;34:1052–1059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bundy D, Berkoff M, Ito K, Rosenthal MS, Weinberger M. Interpreting subgroup analyses: is a school-based asthma treatment program's effect modified by secondhand smoke exposure? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158:469–471.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chillmonczyk BA, Salmun LM, Megathlin KN, Neveux LM, Palomaki GE, Knight GJ, et al. Association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and exacerbatiosn fo asthma in children. N Engl J Med 1993;338:1665–1669.
   Google Scholar
• Kobayashi Y, Bossley C, Gupta A, Akashi K, Tsartsali L, Mercado N, et al. Passive smoking impairs histone deacetylase-2 in children with severe asthma. Chest 2014;145:305–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabinovitch N, Reisdorph N. Urinary leukotriene E 4 levels identify children with tobacco smoke exposure at risk for asthma exacerbation. J. Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;128:323–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: US …. Atlanta, Georgia; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Quinto K, Kit B, Lukacs S, Akinbami LJ. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure in children aged 3‒19 years with and without asthma in the United States, 1999‒2010. NCHS Data Brief. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• McLeish AC, Zvolensky MJ. Asthma and cigarette smoking: a review of the empirical literature. J Asthma 2010;47:345–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otten R, Engels R, Van Den Eijnden RJJM. Parental smoking and smoking behavior in asthmatic and nonasthmatic adolescents. J Asthma. 2005;42:349–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de Ven MOM, Engels RCME, Kerstjens HAM, Van Den Eijnden RJ. Bidirectionality in the relationship between asthma and smoking in adolescents: a population-based cohort study. J Adolesc Health 2007;41:444–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kit BK, Simon AE, Brody DJ, Akinbami LJ. US prevalence and trends in tobacco smoke exposure among children and adolescents with asthma. Pediatrics 2013;131:407–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van De Ven MOM, van Zundert RMP, Engels RCME. Effects of asthma on nicotine dependence development and smoking cessation attempts in adolescence. J Asthma 2013;50:250–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borrelli B, McQuaid EL, Wagener TL, Hammond SK. Children with asthma versus healthy children: differences in secondhand smoke exposure and caregiver perceived risk. Nicotine Tob Res 2014;16:554–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson A, Hermansson G, Ludvigsson J. Parents' attitudes to children's tobacco smoke exposure and how the issue is handled in health care. J Pediatr Health Care 2004;18:228–235.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Passey ME, Longman JM, Robinson J, Wiggers J, Jones LL. Smoke-free homes: what are the barriers, motivators and enablers? A qualitative systematic review and thematic synthesis. BMJ Open 2016;6:e010260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen L, Kostjukovsky I. Parental risk perceptions of child exposure to tobacco smoke. BMC Public Health 2015;15:90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagener TL, Gregor KL, Busch AM, McQuaid EL, Borrelli B. Risk perception in smokers with children with asthma. J Consult Clin Psychol 2010;78:980–985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottorff JL, Oliffe JL, Kelly MT, Johnson JL, Chan A. Reconciling parenting and smoking in the context of child development. Qual Health Res 2013;23:1042–1053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small SP, Eastlick Kushner K, Neufeld A. Dealing with a latent danger: Parents communicating with their children about smoking. Nurs Res Pract 2012;2012:1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Tilson EC, McBride CM, Brouwer RN. Formative development of an intervention to stop family tobacco use: the Parents and Children Talking (PACT) intervention. J Health Commun 2005;10:491–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stacy D, McIlvain E. Knowledge and attitudes of parents who smoke about the smoking behavior of their children. J Alcohol Drug Educ 1994;40:103.
   Google Scholar
• Baxi R, Sharma M, Roseby R, Polnay A, Priest N, Waters E, Spencer N, Webster P. Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children’ s exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 20143;; 3; Art. No.: CD001746. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001746.pub3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borrelli B, McQuaid EL, Tooley EM, Busch AM, Hammond SK, Becker B, et al. Motivating parents of kids with asthma to quit smoking: the effect of the teachable moment and increasing intervention intensity using a longitudinal randomized trial design. Addiction 2016;111:1646–1655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borrelli B, McQuaid EL, Novak SP, Hammond SK, Becker B. Motivating Latino caregivers of children with asthma to quit smoking: a randomized trial. J Consult Clin Psychol 2010;78:34–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hovell MF, Wahlgren DR, Liles S, Jones JA, Hughes SC, Matt GE, et al. Providing coaching and cotinine results to preteens to reduce their secondhand smoke exposure: a randomized trial. Chest 2011;140:681–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuck K, Otten R, Kleinjan M, Bricker JB, Engels RC. Promoting smoking cessation among parents: Effects on smoking-related cognitions and smoking initiation in children. Addict Behav 2015;40:66–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson C, Dickinson D. Enabling parents who smoke to prevent their children from initiating smoking. Results from a 3-year intervention evaluation. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006;160:56–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jackson C, Dickinson D. Can parents who smoke socialise their children against trial. Tob Control 2003;12:52–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking—50 years of progress: A report of the surgeon general. Atlanta, GA: US …. Atlanta, Georgia; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• DiClemente C, Prochaska J, Fairhurst S, Velicer WF, Velasquez MM, Rossi JS. The process of smoking cessation: an analysis of precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages of change. J Consult Clin Psychol 1991;59:295–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avila-Tang E, Elf JL, Cummings KM, Fong GT, Hovell MF, Klein JD, et al. Assessing secondhand smoke exposure with reported measures. Tob Control 2013;22:156–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathan RA, Sorkness CA, Kosinski M, Schatz M, Li JT, Marcus P, et al. Development of the asthma control test: A survey for assessing asthma control. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;113:59–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. Expert Panel Report 3. Natational Asthma Education and Prevention Program, Bethesda, MD; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Harrell FE. Regression modeling strategies. with applications to linear models, logistic regression, and survival analysis. Springer Series in Statistics. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson JTE. Eta squared and partial eta squared as measures of effect size in educational research. Educ Res Rev 2011;6:135–147. doi: 10.1016/j.edurev.2010.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiemstra M, Ringlever L, Otten R, van Schayck OC, Jackson C, Engels RC. Long-term effects of a home-based smoking prevention program on smoking initiation: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Prev Med (Baltim) 2014;60:65–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keet CA, McCormack MC, Pollack CE, Peng RD, McGowan E, Matsui EC. Neighborhood poverty, urban residence, race/ethnicity, and asthma: Rethinking the inner-city asthma epidemic. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015;135:655–662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulak JA, Cornelius ME, Fong GT, Giovino GA. Differences in quit attempts and cigarette smoking abstinence between whites and african americans in the United States: Literature review and results from the international tobacco control US survey. Nicotine Tob Res 2016;18:S79–S87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butz AM, Halterman JS, Bellin M, Tsoukleris M, Donithan M, Kub J, et al. Factors associated with second-hand smoke exposure in young inner-city children with asthma. J Asthma 2011;48:449–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen E, Martin AD, Matthews KA. Understanding health disparities: The role of race and socioeconomic status in children's health. Am J Public Health 2006;96:702–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ossip D, Chang Y, Nabi-Burza E, Drehmer J, Finch S, Hipple B, et al. Strict smoke-free home policies among smoking parents in pediatric settings. Acad Pediatr 2013;13:517–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koepke D, Flay BR, Johnson CA. Health behaviors in minority families: The case of cigarette smoking. Fam. Community Heal. J Health Promot Maint 1990;13:35–43.
   Google Scholar
• Fagan AA, Lee Van Horn M, Antaramian S, Hawkins JD. How do families matter? Age and gender differences in family influences on delinquency and drug use. Youth Violence Juv Justice 2011;9:150–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinquart M. Do the parent-child relationships and parenting behaviors differ between families with a child with and without chronic illness? A meta-analysis. J Pediatr Psychol 2013;38:708–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller W, Rollnick S. Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change. 2nd ed. New York: The Guilford Press; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Hovell MF, Hughes SC. The behavioral ecology of secondhand smoke exposure: A pathway to complete tobacco control. Nicotine Tob Res 2009;11:1254–1264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eakin MN, Rand CS, Borrelli B, Bilderback A, Hovell M, Riekert KA. Effectiveness of motivational interviewing to reduce head start children's secondhand smoke exposure. a randomized clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014;189:1530–1537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spoth R, Redmond C. Research on family engagement in preventive interventions: Toward improved use of scientific findings in primary prevention practice. J Prim Prev 2000;21:267–284.
   Google Scholar
• Pbert L, Flint AJ, Fletcher KE, Young MH, Druker S, DiFranza JR. Effect of a pediatric practice-based smoking prevention and cessation intervention for adolescents: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2008;121:e738–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollis JF, Polen MR, Whitlock EP, Lichtenstein E, Mullooly JP, Velicer WF, et al. Teen reach: outcomes from a randomized, controlled trial of a tobacco reduction program for teens seen in primary medical care. Pediatrics 2005;115:981–989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantrell MA, Lupinacci P. Methodological issues in online data collection. J Adv Nurs 2007;60:544–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes SD. Collecting behavioural data using the world wide web: considerations for researchers. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2003;57:68–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein JD, Thomas RK, Sutter EJ. Self-reported smoking in online surveys: prevalence estimate validity and item format effects. Med Care 2007;45:691–695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramo DE, Hall SM, Prochaska JJ. Reliability and validity of self-reported smoking in an anonymous online survey with young adults. Health Psychol 2011;30:693–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason W, Suri S. Conducting behavioral research on Amazon's mechanical turk. Behav Res Methods 2012;44:1–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar