Spontaneous pneumomediastinum complicating severe acute asthma exacerbation in adult patients

References

• Kenyon N, Zeki AA, Albertson TE, Louie S. Definition of critical asthma syndromes. Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol 2015;48:1–6. doi:10.1007/s12016-013-8395-6. PMID:24213844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wintermark M, Schnyder P. The macklin effect: a frequent etiology for pneumomediastinum in severe blunt chest trauma. Chest 2001;120:543–547. PMID:11502656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeishi T, Nishima S, Kano S. Air leak syndrome (ALS) as complication of asthma. Acta Paediatr Jpn 1989;31:330–334. PMID:2508428.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• D'Amato G, Vitale C, Lanza M, Sanduzzi A, Molino A, Mormile M, et al. Near fatal asthma: treatment and prevention. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol 2016;48:116–122. PMID:27425166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerazounis M, Athanassiadi K, Kalantzi N, Moustardas M. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: a rare benignentity. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003;126:774–776. PMID:4502153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maunder RJ, Peirson DJ, Hudson LD. Subcutaneous and mediastinal emphysema: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Arch Intern Med 1984;144:1447–1453. PMID:6375617.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stack AM, Caputo GL. Pneumomediastinum in childhood asthma. Pediatr Emerg Care 1996;12:98–101. PMID:8859917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eggleston PA, Ward BH, Pierson WE, Bierson CW. Radiographic abnormalities in acute asthma in children. Paediatrics 1974;54:422–429. PMID:4415453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tortajada-Girbés M, Moreno-Prat M, Ainsa-Laguna D, Mas S. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema as a complication of asthma in children: case report and literature review. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2016;10:402–409. doi:10.1177/1753465816657478. PMID:27585598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narula T, Barthwal MS, Deoskar RB (Retd), Rajan KE (Retd), Sharma SK. Pneumomediastinum – an uncommon complication of acute severe asthma. Med J Armed Forces India 2006;62:394–395. doi:10.1016/S0377-1237(06)80125-5. PMID:27688556.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khalid MS, Ahmad N, Moin S, El-Faedy O, Gaffney P. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: a rare complication of acute asthma. Ir J Med Sci 2008;177:393–396. doi:10.1007/s11845-007-0039-5. PMID:17619095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faruqi S, Varma R, Greenstone MA, Kastelik JA. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: a rare complication of bronchial asthma. J Asthma 2009;46:969–871. doi:10.3109/02770900903215635. PMID:19905929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karakaya Z, Demir S, Sagay SS, Karakaya O, Ozdinç S. Bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and subcutaneous emphysema: rare and fatal complications of asthma. Case Rep Emerg Med 2012;2012:242579. doi:10.1155/2012/242579. PMID:23326706.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biçer EN, Öztürk AB, Ozyigit LP, Erus S, Tanju S, Dilege Ş, et al. A case of uncontrolled severe asthma patient with coexisting carcinoid tumor presenting as pneumomediastinum. J Asthma 2015;52:1095–1098. doi:10.3109/02770903.2015.1054402. PMID: 26291136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perna V, Vilà E, Guelbenzu JJ, Amat I. Pneumomediastinum: is this really a benign entity? When it can be considered as spontaneous? Our experience in 47 adult patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2010;37:573–575. doi:10.1016/j.ejcts.2009.08.002. PMID:19748792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Expert panel report 3 (EPR-3): guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma-summary report 2007. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;120:S94–S138. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2007.09.043. PMID:17983880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahni S, Verma S, Grullon J, Esquire A, Patel P, Talwar A. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: time for consensus. N Am J Med Sci 2013;5:460–464. doi:10.4103/1947-2714.117296. PMID:24083220.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vianello A, Caminati M, Crivellaro M, El Mazloum R, Snenghi R, Schiappoli M, et al. Fatal asthma; is it still an epidemic? World Allergy Organ J 2016;9:42. doi:10.1186/s40413-016-0129-9. PMID:28031774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zylak CM, Standen JR, Barnes GR, Zylak CJ. Pneumomediastinum revisited. Radiographics 2000;20:1043–1057. doi:10.1148/radiographics.20.4.g00jl131043. PMID:10903694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneki T, Kubo K, Kawashima A, Koizumi T, Sekiguchi M, Sone S. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in 33 patients: yield of chest computed tomography for the diagnosis of the mild type. Respiration 2000;67:408–411. PMID:10940795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steier M, Ching N, Roberts EB, Nealon TF Jr. Pneumothorax complicating continuous ventilatory support. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1974;67:17–23. PMID:4203001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serrano-Pariente J, Rodrigo G, Fiz JA, Crespo A, Plaza V, High Risk Asthma Research Group. Identification and characterization of near-fatal asthma phenotypes by cluster analysis. Allergy 2015;70:1139–1147. doi:10.1111/all.12654. PMID:26011771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banki F, Estrera AL, Harrison RG, Miller CC 3rd, Leake SS, Mitchell KG, et al. Pneumomediastinum: etiology and a guide to diagnosis and treatment. Am J Surg 2013;206:1001–1006. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.08.009. PMID:24296102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim KS, Jeon HW, Moon Y, Kim YD, Ahn MI, Park JK, et al. Clinical experience of spontaneous pneumomediastinum: diagnosis and treatment. J Thorac Dis 2015;7:1817–1824. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.10.58. PMID:26623105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell PD, King TJ, O'Shea DB. Subcutaneous emphysema in acute asthma: a cause for concern? Respir Care 2015;60:e141–e143. doi:10.4187/respcare.03750. PMID:25605959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar