References
- Forum of International Respiratory Societies. The global impact of respiratory disease. 2nd ed. Sheffield (UK): European Respiratory Society; 2017.
- Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention updated 2020 [Internet]. 2020. [accessed 2020 May 28]. http://www.ginasthma.org.
- Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2020. [accessed 2020 May 27]. http://www.goldcopd.org.
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx). [accessed 2020 Dec 8]. http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool.
- GBD 2015 Chronic Respiratory Disease Collaborators. Global, regional, and national deaths, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years, and years lived with disability for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Respir Med. 2017;5(9):691–706. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(17)30293-X.
- Halbert RJ, Natoli JL, Gano A, Badamgarav E, Buist AS, Mannino DM. Global burden of COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2006;28(3):523–532. doi:https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.06.00124605.
- Alshabanat A, Zafari Z, Albanyan O, Dairi M, FitzGerald JM. Asthma and COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS): a systematic review and meta analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0136065. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136065.
- Tommola M, Ilmarinen P, Tuomisto LE, Lehtimäki L, Haanpää J, Niemelä O, Kankaanranta H. Differences between asthma - COPD overlap syndrome and adult-onset asthma. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(5):1602383. doi:https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02383-2016.
- de Marco R, Pesce G, Marcon A, Accordini S, Antonicelli L, Bugiani M, Casali L, Ferrari M, Nicolini G, Panico MG, et al. The coexistence of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): prevalence and risk factors in young, middle-aged and elderly people from the general population. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e62985. Cited in: PMID: 23675448. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062985.
- Pleasants RA, Ohar JA, Croft JB, Liu Y, Kraft M, Mannino DM, Donohue JF, Herrick HL. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma-patient characteristics and health impairment. COPD. 2013;11(3):256–266. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/15412555.2013.840571.
- Gibson PG, McDonald VM. Asthma-COPD overlap 2015: Now we are six. Thorax. 2015; 70(7):683–691. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206740.
- Miravitlles M, Soriano JB, Ancochea J, Muñoz L, Duran-Tauleria E, Sánchez G, Sobradillo S, García-Río F. Characterisation of the overlap COPD-asthma phenotype. Focus on physical activity and health status. Respir Med. 2013;107(7):1053–1060. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2013.03.007.
- Menezes AMB, De Oca MM, Pérez-Padilla R, Nadeau G, Wehrmeister FC, Lopez-Varela MV, Muiño A, Jardim JRB, Valdivia G, Tálamo C, et al. Increased risk of exacerbation and hospitalization in subjects with an overlap phenotype : COPD-Asthma. Chest. 2014;145(2):297–304. Cited in: PMID: 24114498. doi:https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.13-0622.
- Hardin M, Cho M, McDonald ML, Beaty T, Ramsdell J, Bhatt S, van Beek EJR, Make BJ, Crapo JD, Silverman EK, et al. The clinical and genetic features of COPD-asthma overlap syndrome. Eur Respir J. 2014;44(2):341–350. doi:https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00216013.
- Haskell WL, Lee I-M, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, Macera CA, Heath GW, Thompson PD, Bauman A. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007;116(9):1081–1093. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.185649.
- Warburton DER, Nicol CW, Bredin SSD. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. CMAJ. 2006;174(6):801–809. doi:https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.051351.
- Marques A, Peralta M, Sarmento H, Martins J, Gonzalez-Valeiro M. Associations between vigorous physical activity and chronic diseases in older adults: a study in 13 European countries. Eur J Public Health. 2018;28(5):950–955. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky086.
- Sobradillo V, Miravitlles M, Jiménez CA, Gabriel R, Viejo JL, Masa JF, Fernández-Fau L, Villasante C. Estudio IBERPOC en España: prevalencia de síntomas respiratorios habituales y de limitación crónica al flujo aéreo. Arch Bronconeumol. 1999;35(4):159–166. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-2896(15)30272-6.
- Dogra S, Kuk JL, Baker J, Jamnik V. Exercise is associated with improved asthma control in adults. Eur Respir J. 2011;37(2):318–323. doi:https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00182209. Cited in: PMID: 20530042.
- Cebollero P, Antón M, Hernández M, Hueto J. Walking program for copd patients: clinical impact after two years of follow-up. Arch Bronconeumol. 2018;54(8):439–440. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arbres.2017.11.002. Cited in: PMID: 29248261.
- Garcia-Aymerich J, Farrero E, Félez MA, Izquierdo J, Marrades RM, Antó JM. Risk factors of readmission to hospital for a COPD exacerbation: a prospective study. Thorax. 2003;58(2):100–105. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax.58.2.100. Cited in: PMID: 12554887.
- Jagroop D, Dogra S. Physical activity among Canadian adults with obstructive respiratory diseases. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2018;43(10):1075–1082. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2017-0865.
- STROBE Group. STROBE statement. Bern (Switzerland): Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine - University of Bern; 2009. [accessed 2020 May 14]. https://www.strobe-statement.org/.
- Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Encuesta nacional de salud. [accessed 2020 May 25]. https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736176783&menu=resultados&idp=1254735573175#.!tabs-1254736195650
- Ministerio de Sanidad Servicios Sociales e Igualdad, Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2017 Metodología. 2017. [accessed 2020 May 15]. https://www.ine.es/metodologia/t15/t153041917.pdf.
- Martin LM, Leff M, Calonge N, Garrett C, Nelson DE. Validation of self-reported chronic conditions and health services in a managed care population. Am J Prev Med. 2000; 18(3):215–218. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(99)00158-0.
- Torén K, Brisman J, Järvholm B. Asthma and asthma-like symptoms in adults assessed by questionnaires. A literature review. Chest. 1993;104(2):600–608. doi:https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.104.2.600.
- Barr RG, Herbstman J, Speizer FE, Camargo CA. Validation of self-reported chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a cohort study of nurses. Am J Epidemiol. 2002; 155(10):965–971. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/155.10.965.
- Sánchez Castillo S, Smith L, Díaz Suárez A, López Sánchez GF. Physical activity behaviour in people with COPD residing in Spain: a cross-sectional analysis. Lung. 2019;197(6):769–775. Cited in: PMID: 31686208 doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-019-00287-4.
- Sánchez Castillo S, Smith L, Díaz Suárez A, López Sánchez GF. Levels of physical activity in Spanish asthmatics: a cross-sectional study. Medicina. 2020;56(12):643. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina56120643.
- Jacob L, López-Sánchez GF, Oh H, Shin JI, Grabovac I, Soysal P, Ilie PC, Veronese N, Koyanagi A, Smith L. Association of multimorbidity with higher levels of urinary incontinence: a cross-sectional study of 23 089 individuals aged ≥15 years residing in Spain. Br J Gen Pract. 2021;71(702):e71–e77. doi:https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp20X3921.
- Malambo P, Kengne AP, Lambert EV, De Villiers A, Puoane T. Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of physical activity levels among South African adults in Cape Town and Mount Frere communities in 2008-2009. Arch Public Health. 2016;74:54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-016-0167-3.
- Salvo D, Torres C, Villa U, Rivera JA, Sarmiento OL, Reis RS, Pratt M. Accelerometer-based physical activity levels among Mexican adults and their relation with sociodemographic characteristics and BMI: a cross-sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12:79. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0243-z.
- IPAQ Group. International physical activity questionnaire. 2005. [accessed 2020 May 11]. https://sites.google.com/site/theipaq/.
- IPAQ Group. Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ). 2005. [accessed 2020 May 15]. https://sites.google.com/site/theipaq/scoring-protocol.
- Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjöström M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, Pratt M, Ekelund U, Yngve A, Sallis JF, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(8):1381–1395. doi:https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB.
- Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Clasificación Nacional de Educación 2014 (CNED-2014). Introducción y aspectos generales. 2016. [accessed 2020 May 2]. https://www.ine.es/daco/daco42/clasificaciones/cned14/CNED2014_capitulo0.pdf.
- Soriano JB, Ancochea J, Miravitlles M, Garcia-Rio F, Duran-Tauleria E, Munoz L, Jimenez-Ruiz CA, Masa JF, Viejo JL, Villasante C, et al. Recent trends in COPD prevalence in Spain: a repeated cross-sectional survey 1997-2007. Eur Respir J. 2010;36(4):758–765. Cited in: PMID: 19996189. doi:https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00138409.
- Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. New York (NY): Lawrence Erlbaum associates; 1988.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical activity guidelines for Americans. 2nd ed. Washington (DC): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2018.
- Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, Borodulin K, Buman MP, Cardon G, Carty C, Chaput JP, Chastin S, Chou R, et al. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(24):1451–1462. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955.
- Barker J, Smith Byrne K, Doherty A, Foster C, Rahimi K, Ramakrishnan R, Woodward M, Dwyer T. Physical activity of UK adults with chronic disease: cross-sectional analysis of accelerometer-measured physical activity in 96 706 UK Biobank participants. Int J Epidemiol. 2019;48(4):1167–1174. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyy294. Cited in: PMID: 30721947.
- Xavier R, Pereira ACAC, Lopes AC, Ramos EMC, Mancini MC, Cukier A, Fernandes-Carvalho CR. Comparison of daily life physical activity in patients with COPD and asthma COPD overlap syndrome. Eur Respir J. 2016;48:PA1892. doi:https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.PA1892.
- Park HJ, Byun MK, Kim HJ, Ahn CM, Lee JH, Shin KC, Uh ST, Ra SW, Yoo KH, Jung KS. Asthma-COPD overlap shows favorable clinical outcomes compared to pure COPD in a Korean COPD cohort. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2017;9(5):431–437. doi:https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2017.9.5.431.
- Park SK, Richardson CR, Holleman RG, Larson JL. Physical activity in people with COPD, using the National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey dataset (2003-2006). Heart Lung. 2013;42(4):235–240. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2013.04.005. Cited in: PMID: 23726356.
- López-Sánchez GF, Smith L, Raman R, Jaysankar D, Singh S, Sapkota R, Díaz-Suárez A, Pardhan S. Physical activity behaviour in people with diabetes residing in India: a cross-sectional analysis. Sci Sports. 2019;34(1):e59–e66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2018.08.005.
- López JN, González-Carcelén CM, López-Sánchez GF. Barriers to physical activity in people with diabetes residing in Spain. Atena J Public Health. 2020;2(3):1–20.
- Martins TCR, de Pinho L, Brito MFSF, Pena GDG, Silva RRV, Guimarães ALS, Silveira MF, Rodrigues JF. Influence of socioeconomic status, age, body fat, and depressive symptoms on evel of physical activity in adults: a path analysis. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva. 2020;25(10):3847–3856. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320202510.24742018.
- Mesquita R, Spina G, Pitta F, Donaire-Gonzalez D, Deering BM, Patel MS, Mitchell KE, Alison J, van Gestel AJR, Zogg S, et al. Physical activity patterns and clusters in 1001 patients with COPD. Chron Respir Dis. 2017;14(3):256–269. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1479972316687207.
- Conroy MB, Rockette-Wagner BJ, Wisnivesky J, Holguin F, Chen S, Federmann E, Smith V, Federman A. Physical activity patterns vary by BMI and asthma control in patients with asthma. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2019;51(Supplement):125–126. doi:https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000560873.98360.a8.
- Rodrigues A, de Oliveira JM, Furlanetto KC, Machado FVC, Belo LF, Schneider LP, Morita AA, Andrelo AC, Fonseca J, Lopes-Brito I, et al. Are the effects of high-intensity exercise training different in patients with COPD versus COPD + Asthma overlap?Lung. 2020; 198(1):135–141. Cited in: PMID: 31873783. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-019-00311-7.
- Sin DD, Miravitlles M, Mannino DM, Soriano JB, Price D, Celli BR, Leung JM, Nakano Y, Park HY, Wark PA, et al. What is asthma-COPD overlap syndrome? Towards a consensus definition from a round table discussion. Eur Respir J. 2016;48(3):664–673. doi:https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00436-2016. Cited in: PMID: 27338195.
- Plaza V, Álvarez F, Calle M, Casanova C, Cosío BG, López-Viña A, Pérez de Llano L, Quirce S, Román-Rodríguez M, Soler-Cataluña JJ, et al. Consensus on the Asthma-COPD overlap (ACO) between the Spanish COPD guidelines (GesEPOC) and the Spanish guidelines on the management of asthma (GEMA). Arch Bronconeumol. 2017;53(8):443–449. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arbr.2017.06.001.