References
- Stone RG, McDonald M, Elnazir B. Global initiative for asthma 2019 guidelines: new changes to the treatment of mild asthmatics 12 years and older. Ir Med J. 2020;113(5):69.
- Bakakos A, Loukides S, Usmani OS, Bakakos P. Biologics in severe asthma: the overlap endotype - opportunities and challenges. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2020;20(12):1427–1428. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14712598.2020.1809651.
- Kabarriti R, Brodin NP, Maron MI, Guha C, Kalnicki S, Garg MK, Racine AD. Association of race and ethnicity with comorbidities and survival among patients With COVID-19 at an Urban Medical Center in New York. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(9):e2019795. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19795.
- Lötvall J, Akdis CA, Bacharier LB, Bjermer L, Casale TB, Custovic A, Lemanske RF, Wardlaw AJ, Wenzel SE, Greenberger PA, et al. Asthma endotypes: a new approach to classification of disease entities within the asthma syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127(2):355–360. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.037.
- Morais-Almeida M, Pite H, Aguiar R, Ansotegui I, Bousquet J. Asthma and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic: a literature review. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2020;181(9):680–688. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000509057.
- WHO. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report 127. 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200526-covid-19-sitrep-127.pdf?sfvrsn$=$7b6655ab_8 [last accessed 23 February 2021].
- Ni W, Yang X, Yang D, Bao J, Li R, Xiao Y, Hou C, Wang H, Liu J, Yang D, et al. Role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in COVID-19. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):422. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03120-0.
- Bourgonje AR, Abdulle AE, Timens W, Hillebrands J-L, Navis GJ, Gordijn SJ, Bolling MC, Dijkstra G, Voors AA, Osterhaus AD, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV-2 and the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Pathol. 2020;251(3):228–248. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/path.5471.
- Esakandari H, Nabi-Afjadi M, Fakkari-Afjadi J, Farahmandian N, Miresmaeili SM, Bahreini E. A comprehensive review of COVID-19 characteristics. Biol Proced Online. 2020;22:19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12575-020-00128-2.
- Skevaki C, Karsonova A, Karaulov A, Fomina D, Xie M, Chinthrajah S, Nadeau KC, Renz H. SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 in asthmatics: a complex relationship. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021;21(4):202–203. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-021-00516-z.
- Camiolo M, Gauthier M, Kaminski N, Ray A, Wenzel SE. Expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and coincident host response signature varies by asthma inflammatory phenotype. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(2):315–324e7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.05.051.
- Hu B, Huang S, Yin L. The cytokine storm and COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2021;93(1):250–256. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26232.
- Copaescu A, Smibert O, Gibson A, Phillips EJ, Trubiano JA. The role of IL-6 and other mediators in the cytokine storm associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(3):518–534 e1. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.07.001.
- Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, Schiergens TS, Herrler G, Wu N-H, Nitsche A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(2):271–280 e8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052.
- Ye Q, Wang B, Mao J. The pathogenesis and treatment of the ‘cytokine storm’ in COVID-19. J Infect. 2020;80(6):607–613. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.037.
- Novak N, Cabanillas B. Viruses and asthma: the role of common respiratory viruses in asthma and its potential meaning for SARS-CoV-2. Immunology. 2020;161(2):83–93. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.13240.
- Wenzel SE. Complex phenotypes in asthma: current definitions. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2013;26(6):710–715. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pupt.2013.07.003.
- Xie G, Ding F, Han L, Yin D, Lu H, Zhang M. The role of peripheral blood eosinophil counts in COVID-19 patients. Allergy. 2021;76(2):471–482. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14465.
- Song J, Zeng M, Wang H, Qin C, Hou H-Y, Sun Z-Y, Xu S-P, Wang G-P, Guo C-L, Deng Y-K, et al. Distinct effects of asthma and COPD comorbidity on disease expression and outcome in patients with COVID-19. Allergy. 2021;76(2):483–496. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14517.
- Tran K, Cimon K, Severn M, Pessoa-Silva CL, Conly J. Aerosol generating procedures and risk of transmission of acute respiratory infections to healthcare workers: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35797. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035797.
- Lapolla P, Mingoli A, Lee R. Deaths from COVID-19 in healthcare workers in Italy-What can we learn? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2021;42(3):364–365.
- Levin M, Ansotegui IJ, Bernstein J, Chang Y-S, Chikhladze M, Ebisawa M, Fiocchi A, Heffler E, Martin B, Morais-Almeida M, et al. Acute asthma management during SARS-CoV2-pandemic 2020. World Allergy Organ J. 2020;13(5):100125. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100125.
- Yang M, Du Y, Chen H, Jiang D, Xu Z. Inhaled corticosteroids and risk of pneumonia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int Immunopharmacol. 2019;77:105950. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105950.
- Matsuyama S, Kawase M, Nao N, Shirato K, Ujike M, Kamitani W, Shimojima M, Fukushi S. The inhaled steroid ciclesonide blocks SARS-CoV-2 RNA replication by targeting the viral replication-transcription complex in cultured cells. J Virol. 2020;95(1):e01648-20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01648-20.
- Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Recommendations for inhaled asthma controller medications. 2020. Available from: https://ginasthma.org/recommendations-for-inhaled-asthma-controller-medications/ [last accessed 23 February 2021].
- Horby P, Lim WS, Emberson JR, Mafham M, Bell JL, Group RC, et al. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19 - preliminary report. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(8):693–704. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2021436.
- Wang Y, Jiang W, He Q, Wang C, Wang B, Zhou P, Dong N, Tong Q. A retrospective cohort study of methylprednisolone therapy in severe patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5(1):57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-0158-2.
- World Health Organization. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when COVID-19 is suspected. Geneva; 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/clinical-management-ofsevere-acute-respiratory-infection-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-issuspected [last accessed 23 February 2021].
- Jeronimo CMP, Farias MEL, Val FFA, Sampaio VS, Alexandre MAA, Melo GC, et al. Methylprednisolone as adjunctive therapy for patients hospitalized with COVID-19 (Metcovid): a randomised, double-blind, phase IIb, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(9):e373–e381. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1177.
- Bakakos A, Loukides S, Bakakos P. Severe eosinophilic asthma. J Clin Med. 2019;8:1375. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091375.
- Khatri S, Moore W, Gibson PG, Leigh R, Bourdin A, Maspero J, Barros M, Buhl R, Howarth P, Albers FC, et al. Assessment of the long-term safety of mepolizumab and durability of clinical response in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019;143(5):1742–1751.e7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2018.09.033.
- Lugogo N, Domingo C, Chanez P, Leigh R, Gilson MJ, Price RG, Yancey SW, Ortega HG. Long-term efficacy and safety of mepolizumab in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma: a multi-center, open-label, phase IIIb study. Clin Ther. 2016;38(9):2058–2070.e1. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.07.010.
- Esquivel A, Busse WW, Calatroni A, Togias AG, Grindle KG, Bochkov YA, Gruchalla RS, Kattan M, Kercsmar CM, Khurana Hershey G, et al. Effects of omalizumab on rhinovirus infections, illnesses, and exacerbations of asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;196(8):985–992. doi:https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201701-0120OC.
- Carugno A, Raponi F, Locatelli AG, Vezzoli P, Gambini DM, Di Mercurio M, Robustelli Test E, Sena P. No evidence of increased risk for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients treated with Dupilumab for atopic dermatitis in a high-epidemic area - Bergamo, Lombardy, Italy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34(9):e433–e434. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16552.
- Available from: https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/about-us/covid-19-information-for-the-respiratory-community/.
- Self-administration of xolair pre-filled syringe (PFS) for asthma during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2020. Available from: https://www.gene.com/medical-professionals/medicines/xolair.