References
- Li X, Xu S, Yu M, Wang K, Tao Y, Zhou Y, Shi J, Zhou M, Wu B, Yang Z, et al. Risk factors for severity and mortality in adult COVID-19 inpatients in Wuhan. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020;146(1):110–118. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.006.
- Guan WJ, Liang WH, Zhao Y, Liang HR, Chen ZS, Li YM, Liu XQ, Chen RC, Tang CL, Wang T, et al. China Medical Treatment Expert Group for COVID-19. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: a nationwide analysis. Eur Respir J 2020 May 14;55(5):2000547. doi:https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00547-2020.
- Chhiba KD, Patel GB, Vu THT, Chen MM, Guo A, Kudlaty E, Mai Q, Yeh C, Muhammad LN, Harris KE, et al. Prevalence and characterization of asthma in hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020 Aug;146(2):307–314.e4. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.06.010.
- Butler MW, O’Reilly A, Dunican EM, Mallon P, Feeney ER, Keane MP, McCarthy C. Prevalence of comorbid asthma in COVID-19 patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020 Aug;146(2):334–335. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.061.
- Zhu Z, Hasegawa K, Ma B, Fujiogi M, Camargo CA, Jr., Liang L. Association of asthma and its genetic predisposition with the risk of severe COVID-19. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020 Aug;146(2):327–329.e4. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.06.001.
- Mahdavinia M, Foster KJ, Jauregui E, Moore D, Adnan D, Andy-Nweye AB, Khan S, Bishehsari F. Asthma prolongs intubation in COVID-19. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020 Jul-Aug;8(7):2388–2391. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.05.006.
- Jackson DJ, Busse WW, Bacharier LB, Kattan M, O’Connor GT, Wood RA, Visness CM, Durham SR, Larson D, Esnault S, et al. Association of respiratory allergy, asthma, and expression of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020 Jul;146(1):203–206.e3. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.009.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). People who are at higher risk for severe illness. Available from: www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-at-higher-risk.html.
- Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Meredith P, Schmidt PE, Featherstone PI. The ability of the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) to discriminate patients at risk of early cardiac arrest, unanticipated intensive care unit admission, and death. Resuscitation 2013 Apr;84(4):465–470. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.12.016. [23295778]
- Hansen BB, Bowers J. Covariate balance in simple, stratified and clustered comparative studies. Stat Sci 2008; 23:219–236. doi:https://doi.org/10.1214/08-STS254.
- Austin PC. An introduction to propensity score methods for reducing the effects of confounding in observational studies. Multivariate Behav Res 2011;46(3):399–424. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2011.568786.
- Robinson LB, Wang L, Fu X, Wallace ZS, Long AA, Zhang Y, Camargo CA, Jr, Blumenthal KG. COVID-19 severity in asthma patients: a multi-center matched cohort study. J Asthma 2021 Mar 2;1–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2020.1857396.
- Ferastraoaru D, Hudes G, Jerschow E, Jariwala S, Karagic M, de Vos G, Rosenstreich D, Ramesh M. Eosinophilia in asthma patients is protective against severe COVID-19 illness. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2021 Jan 22;9(3):1152–1162.e3. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.12.045.
- Halpin DMG, Faner R, Sibila O, Badia JR, Agusti A. Do chronic respiratory diseases or their treatment affect the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection?Lancet Respir Med 2020 May;8(5):436–438. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30167-3.
- Halpin DMG, Singh D, Hadfield RM. Inhaled corticosteroids and COVID-19: a systematic review and clinical perspective. Eur Respir J 2020 May 7;55(5):2001009. Cited in: PMID: 32341100; PMCID: PMC7236828. doi:https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01009-2020.
- Peters MC, Sajuthi S, Deford P, Christenson S, Rios CL, Montgomery MT, Woodruff PG, Mauger DT, Erzurum SC, Johansson MW, et al. COVID-19-related genes in sputum cells in asthma. Relationship to demographic features and corticosteroids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020 Jul 1;202(1):83–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202003-0821OC.
- Interim Position Statement: Inhaled budesonide for adults (50 years and over) with COVID-19. NHS England and NHS Improvement; 13 April 2021. Available from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/coronavirus/publication/interim-position-statement-inhaled-budesonide-for-adults-50-years-and-over-with-covid-19/ [last accessed 10 May 2021].
- Cates CJ, Wieland LS, Oleszczuk M, Kew KM. Safety of regular formoterol or salmeterol in adults with asthma: an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014 Feb 6;2014(2):CD010314. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010314.pub2.
- Johnson M. Molecular mechanisms of beta(2)-adrenergic receptor function, response, and regulation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006 Jan;117(1):18–24; quiz 25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.11.012.
- Malone RW, Tisdall P, Smith Liu FP, Huang Y, White Km XP, Miorin L, Olmo EMD, Alon A, Delaforge E, et al. COVID-19: famotidine, histamine, mast cells, and mechanisms. Res Sq [Preprint]. 2020 Jun 22. doi:https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-30934/v2.
- Kritas SK, Ronconi G, Caraffa A, Gallenga CE, Ross R, Conti P. Mast cells contribute to coronavirus-induced inflammation: new anti-inflammatory strategy. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2020 January-February;34(1):9–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.23812/20-Editorial-Kritas.
- Kilinc E, Baranoglu Y. Mast cell stabilizers as a supportive therapy can contribute to alleviate fatal inflammatory responses and severity of pulmonary complications in COVID-19 infection. Anadolu Klin Tıp Bilim Derg 2020;25(Suppl 1):111–118.
- Bradding P, Walls AF, Holgate ST. The role of the mast cell in the pathophysiology of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006 Jun;117(6):1277–1284. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.02.039.
- Méndez-Enríquez E, Hallgren J. Mast cells and their progenitors in allergic asthma. Front Immunol 2019 May 29;10:821. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00821.
- Fajt ML, Wenzel SE. Mast cells, their subtypes, and relation to asthma phenotypes. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2013 Dec; 10 Suppl(10 Suppl):S158–S64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201303-064AW.
- Aaron SD, Vandemheen KL, FitzGerald JM, Ainslie M, Gupta S, Lemiere C, Field SK, McIvor RA, Hernandez p, Mayers I, Canadian Respiratory Research Network, et al. Reevaluation of diagnosis in adults with physician-diagnosed asthma. JAMA. 2017;317(3):269–279. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.19627.