Alveolar nitric oxide concentration plays an important role in identifying cough variant asthma and assessing asthma control in children

References

• Clinical Research Coordination Group of the Causes Constituents Ratio of Chronic Cough in Chinese Children. Prospective multicenter clinical study on the causes constituents ratio of chronic cough in Chinese children. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2012;50:83–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glauser FL. Variant asthma. Ann Allergy. 1972;30:457–459.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McFadden ER. Exertional dyspnea and cough as preludes to acute attacks of bronchial asthma. N Engl J Med. 1975;292(11):555–559. doi:10.1056/NEJM197503132921103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrao WM, Braman SS, Irwin RS. Chronic cough as the sole presenting manifestation of bronchial asthma. N Engl J Med. 1979;300(12):633–637. doi:10.1056/NEJM197903223001201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention 2021. Available from: https://ginasthma.org/pocket-guide-for-asthma-management-and-prevention/ [last accessed 28 April 2021].
   Google Scholar
• Subspecialty Group of Respiratory Diseases, the Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of children with cough in China (version 2021). Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2021;59:720–729.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koh YY, Park Y, Jeong JH, Kim CK, Kim JT. Relationship of wheezing to airflow obstruction in asthmatic children and a history of cough-variant asthma. J Asthma. 2002;39(4):307–314. doi:10.1081/jas-120002287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mochizuki H, Arakawa H, Tokuyama K, Morikawa A. Bronchial sensitivity and bronchial reactivity in children with cough variant asthma. Chest. 2005;128(4):2427–2434. doi:10.1378/chest.128.4.2427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdin A, Paganin F, Préfaut C, Kieseler D, Godard P, Chanez P. Nitrogen washout slope in poorly controlled asthma. Allergy. 2006;61(1):85–89. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.00970.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi F, Jiang Z, Li H, Guo C, Lu H, Luo W, Chen Q, Lai K. Small airway dysfunction in cough variant asthma: prevalence, clinical, and pathophysiological features. Front Physiol. 2021;12:761622. doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.761622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottini M, Lombardi C, Passalacqua G, Bagnasco D, Berti A, Comberiati P, Imeri G, Landi M, Heffler E. Small airways: the "silent zone" of 2021 GINA report? Front Med. 2022;9:884679. doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.884679.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siroux V, Boudier A, Dolgopoloff M, Chanoine S, Bousquet J, Gormand F, Just J, Le Moual N, Nadif R, Pison C, et al. Forced midexpiratory flow between 25% and 75% of forced vital capacity is associated with long-term persistence of asthma and poor asthma outcomes. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;137(6):1709.e6–1716.e6. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.10.029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komarow HD, Skinner J, Young M, Gaskins D, Nelson C, Gergen PJ, Metcalfe DD. A study of the use of impulse oscillometry in the evaluation of children with asthma: analysis of lung parameters, order effect, and utility compared with spirometry. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012;47(1):18–26. doi:10.1002/ppul.21507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraft M, Richardson M, Hallmark B, Billheimer D, Van Den Berge M, Fabbri LM, Van der Molen T, Nicolini G, Papi A, Rabe KF, et al. The role of small airway dysfunction in asthma control and exacerbations: a longitudinal, observational analysis using data from the ATLANTIS study. Lancet Respir Med. 2022;10(7):661–668. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00536-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottini M, Licini A, Lombardi C, Bagnasco D, Comberiati P, Berti A. Small airway dysfunction and poor asthma control: a dangerous liaison. Clin Mol Allergy. 2021;19(1):7. doi:10.1186/s12948-021-00147-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Der Wiel E, Ten Hacken NH, Postma DS, Van Den Berge M. Small-airways dysfunction associates with respiratory symptoms and clinical features of asthma: a systematic review. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131(3):646–657. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.12.1567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottini M, Lombardi C, Berti A, Comberiati P. Small-airway dysfunction in paediatric asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;21(2):128–134. doi:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000728.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marseglia GL, Cirillo I, Vizzaccaro A, Klersy C, Tosca MA, La Rosa M, Marseglia A, Licari A, Leone M, Ciprandi G. Role of forced expiratory flow at 25-75% as an early marker of small airways impairment in subjects with allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2007;28(1):74–78. doi:10.2500/aap.2007.28.2920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanojevic S, Kaminsky DA, Miller M, Thompson B, Aliverti A, Barjaktarevic I, Cooper BG, Culver B, Derom E, Hall GL, et al. ERS/ATS technical standard on interpretive strategies for routine lung function tests. Eur Respir J. 2022;60(1):2101499. doi:10.1183/13993003.01499-2021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon MR, Chinchilli VM, Phillips BR, Sorkness CA, Lemanske RF, Szefler SJ, Taussig L, Bacharier LB, Morgan W, Childhood Asthma Research and Education Network of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity and FEV1/forced vital capacity ratio in relation to clinical and physiological parameters in asthmatic children with normal FEV1 values. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126(3):527.e8–534.e8. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.05.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sposato B, Scalese M, Migliorini MG, Di Tomassi M, Scala R. Small airway impairment and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthma onset. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2014;6(3):242–251. doi:10.4168/aair.2014.6.3.242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciprandi G, Capasso M, Tosca M, Salpietro C, Salpietro A, Marseglia G, La Rosa M. A forced expiratory flow at 25-75% value <65% of predicted should be considered abnormal: a real-world, cross-sectional study. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2012;33(1):e5–e8. doi:10.2500/aap.2012.33.3524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postma DS, Brightling C, Baldi S, Van den Berge M, Fabbri LM, Gagnatelli A, Papi A, Van der Molen T, Rabe KF, Siddiqui S, et al. Exploring the relevance and extent of small airways dysfunction in asthma (ATLANTIS): baseline data from a prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7(5):402–416. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(19)30049-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan H, Liu X, Li L, Wang G, Liu C, Zeng Y, Mao R, Du C, Chen Z. Clinical and pulmonary function changes in cough variant asthma with small airway disease. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2019;15(1):41. doi:10.1186/s13223-019-0354-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dweik RA, Boggs PB, Erzurum SC, Irvin CG, Leigh MW, Lundberg JO, Olin AC, Plummer AL, Taylor DR, American Thoracic Society Committee on Interpretation of Exhaled Nitric Oxide Levels (FENO) for Clinical Applications. An official ATS clinical practice guideline: interpretation of exhaled nitric oxide levels (FENO) for clinical applications. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(5):602–615. doi:10.1164/rccm.9120-11ST.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsoukias NM, George SC. A two-compartment model of pulmonary nitric oxide exchange dynamics. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1998;85(2):653–666. doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.85.2.653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horváth I, Barnes PJ, Loukides S, Sterk PJ, Högman M, Olin AC, Amann A, Antus B, Baraldi E, Bikov A, et al. A European respiratory society technical standard: exhaled biomarkers in lung disease. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(4):1600965. doi:10.1183/13993003.00965-2016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karvonen T, Lehtimäki L. Flow-independent nitric oxide parameters in asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Breath Res. 2019;13(4):044001. doi:10.1088/1752-7163/ab2c99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lázár Z, Horváth P, Puskás R, Gálffy G, Losonczy G, Horváth I, Bikov A. A suitable protocol for measuring alveolar nitric oxide in asthma with differing severity to assess peripheral airways inflammation. J Asthma. 2019;56(6):584–593. doi:10.1080/02770903.2018.1477957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puckett JL, Taylor RW, Leu SY, Guijon OL, Aledia AS, Galant SP, George SC. Clinical patterns in asthma based on proximal and distal airway nitric oxide categories. Respir Res. 2010;11(1):47. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-11-47.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scichilone N, Battaglia S, Taormina S, Modica V, Pozzecco E, Bellia V. Alveolar nitric oxide and asthma control in mild untreated asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131(6):1513–1517. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.03.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu H, Zhang R, Hao C, Yu X, Tian Z, Yuan Y. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) combined with pulmonary function parameters shows increased sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of cough variant asthma in children. Med Sci Monit. 2019;25:3832–3838. doi:10.12659/MSM.913761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen LC, Zeng GS, Wu LL, Zi M, Fang ZK, Fan HZ, Yu HP. Diagnostic value of FeNO and MMEF for predicting cough variant asthma in chronic cough patients with or without allergic rhinitis. J Asthma. 2021;58(3):326–333. doi:10.1080/02770903.2019.1694035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu AH, Zeiger R, Sorkness C, Mahr T, Ostrom N, Burgess S, Rosenzweig JC, Manjunath R. Development and cross-sectional validation of the childhood asthma control test. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119(4):817–825. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paraskakis E, Brindicci C, Fleming L, Krol R, Kharitonov SA, Wilson NM, Barnes PJ, Bush A. Measurement of bronchial and alveolar nitric oxide production in normal children and children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174(3):260–267. doi:10.1164/rccm.200506-962OC.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Côté A, Russell RJ, Boulet LP, Gibson PG, Lai K, Irwin RS, Brightling CE, CHEST Expert Cough Panel. Managing chronic cough due to asthma and NAEB in adults and adolescents: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest. 2020;158(1):68–96. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2019.12.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morice AH, Millqvist E, Bieksiene K, Birring SS, Dicpinigaitis P, Domingo Ribas C, Hilton Boon M, Kantar A, Lai K, McGarvey L, et al. ERS guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic cough in adults and children. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(1):1901136. doi:10.1183/13993003.01136-2019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song DJ, Song WJ, Kwon JW, Kim GW, Kim MA, Kim MY, Hye Kim M, Ha Kim S, Heon Kim S, Hyuck Kim S, et al. KAAACI evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for chronic cough in adults and children in Korea. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2018;10(6):591–613. doi:10.4168/aair.2018.10.6.591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song WJ, Kim HJ, Shim JS, Won HK, Kang SY, Sohn KH, Kim BK, Jo EJ, Kim MH, Kim SH, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of fractional exhaled nitric oxide measurement in predicting cough-variant asthma and eosinophilic bronchitis in adults with chronic cough: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140(3):701–709. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.11.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maniscalco M, Fuschillo S, Gaudiosi C, De Felice A, Martucci M, Motta A. Exhaled and nasal nitric oxide measurement in the evaluation of chronic cough. Nitric Oxide. 2019;83:19–23. doi:10.1016/j.niox.2018.12.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujisawa T, Yasui H, Akamatsu T, Hashimoto D, Enomoto N, Inui N, Nakamura Y, Maekawa M, Suda T, Chida K. Alveolar nitric oxide concentration reflects peripheral airway obstruction in stable asthma. Respirology. 2013;18(3):522–527. doi:10.1111/resp.12031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delclaux C, Mahut B, Zerah-Lancner F, Delacourt C, Laoud S, Cherqui D, Duvoux C, Mallat A, Harf A. Increased nitric oxide output from alveolar origin during liver cirrhosis versus bronchial source during asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165(3):332–337. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.165.3.2107017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corcuera-Elosegui P, Sardón-Prado O, Aldasoro-Ruiz A, Korta-Murua J, Mintegui-Aramburu J, Emparanza-Knorr JI, Pérez-Yarza EG. Inflammatory patterns in asthmatic children based on alveolar nitric oxide determination. Arch Bronconeumol. 2015;51(6):279–284. doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2014.07.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maniscalco M, Faraone S, Sofia M, Molino A, Vatrella A, Zedda A. Extended analysis of exhaled and nasal nitric oxide for the evaluation of chronic cough. Respir Med. 2015;109(8):970–974. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2015.05.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sardón O, Corcuera P, Aldasoro A, Korta J, Mintegui J, Emparanza JI, Pérez-Yarza EG. Alveolar nitric oxide and its role in pediatric asthma control assessment. BMC Pulm Med. 2014;14(1):126. doi:10.1186/1471-2466-14-126.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar