References
- Jahan , M. S. and Mun , S. P. 2003 . Characterization of Nalita Wood (Trema orientalis) as a source of fiber for papermaking (Part I): anatomical, morphological and chemical properties . Ktappi J. , 35 ( 5 ) : 72 – 79 .
- 1992 . “ A Selection of Useful Trees and Shrubs for Tanzania ” . Draft Nairobi Regional Soil Conservation Unit (RSCU)
- Jahan , M. S. and Mun , S. P. 2004 . Effect of tree age on the soda‐anthraquinone pulping of nalita (Trema orientalis) . Korean J. Ind Eng. Chem. , 10 ( 5 ) : 766 – 771 .
- Sarkanen , K. V. , Chang , H. and Allan , G. G. 1967 . Species variations in lignins. II. Conifer lignins. III. Hardwood lignins . Tappi , 50 : 583 – 590 .
- Tamminen , T. L. and Hortling , B. R. 1999 . “ Isolation and characterization of residual lignin ” . In Advances in Lignocellulosics Characterization Edited by: Argyropoulos , D. S. 1 – 4 . Atlanta : Tappi Press . Chapter 1
- Gellerstedt , G. , Pranda , J. and Lindfors , E.‐L. 1994 . Structural and molecular properties of residual birch kraft lignins . J. Wood Chem. Technol. , 14 ( 4 ) : 467 – 482 .
- Jahan , M. S. 2004 . Effect of tree age on the structure of lignin and cellulose of Nalita wood (Trema orientalis) . Postdoctoral report. , Chonbuk National University. Chonju, Korea
- Mun , S. P. and Wi , H. 1991 . Alcohol‐Bisulphite cooking of Hyun‐Aspan wood‐characterization of carbohydrates and lignin in the spent liquor . Ktappi J. , 23 ( 4 ) : 25 – 32 .
- Sarkaned , K. V. and Ludwig , C. H. , eds. 1971 . “ Goldschmid, O. Ultraviolet spectra ” . In Lignins: Occurrence, Formation, Structure and Reactions 1 – 4 . New York : Wiley Interscience .
- Higuchi , T. and Ito , Y. 1967 . Chemical properties of milled wood lignin of grasses . Phytochemistry , 6 ( 11 ) : 1551 – 1556 .
- Faix , O. 1991 . Classification of lignins from different botanical origins by FT‐IR spectroscopy . Holzforschung , 45 ( suppl ) : 21 – 27 .
- Obst , J. R. 1982 . Guaiacyl and syringyl lignin composition in hardwood cell components . Holzforschung , 36 : 143 – 152 .
- Fengel , D. and Wegener , G. 1984 . Wood: Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reaction 155 Berlin : Walter de Gruyter .
- Chang , H.‐M. , Cowling , E. B. , Brown , W. , Adler , E. and Miksche , G. E. 1975 . Holzforschnung. Comparative studies on cellulytic enzyme lignin and milled wood lignin of sweetgum and spruce . 29 ( 5 ) : 153 – 159 .
- Chowdhury , N. D.A. , Islam , M. K. and Jahan , M. S. “ Characterization of lignicellulosic components by spectroscopic technique ” . Dhaka 2004 Annual report, BCSIR Laboratory
- Creighton , R. H.J. , Gibbs , R. B. and Hibbert , H. 1944 . Studies on lignin and related compounds LXXV: alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation of plant materials and application to taxonomic classification . J. Amer. Chem. Soc. , 66 : 32 – 37 .
- Fergus , B. J. and Goring , D. A.I. 1970 . The location of guaiacyl and syringyl lignins in birch xylen tissue . Holzforschung , 24 ( H4 ) : 113 – 117 .
- Lee , Z. Z. , Meshitsuka , G. , Cho , N.‐S. and Nakano , J. 1981 . Characteristics of milled wood lignins isolated with different milling time . Mokuzai Gakkaishi , 27 ( 9 ) : 671 – 677 .
- Lundquist , K. 1992 . “ Proton NMR spectroscopy ” . In Methods in Lignin Chemistry Edited by: Lin , S. Y. and Dence , C. W. 242 – 249 . Springer : Heidelberg .
- Lundquist , K. 1979 . NMR studies of Lignins. 2. Interpretation of the 1H NMR spectrum of acetylated Birch lignin . Acta Chem. Scand. , B 33 : 27 – 30 .
- Lundquist , K. and von Unge , S. 1986 . NMR studies of lignins. 8. Examination of pyridine‐d5 solution of acetylated lignin from Birch and Spruce by 1H NMR spectroscopy . Acta Chem Scan. , B 40 : 791 – 797 .
- Nimz , H. H. , Robert , D. , Faix , O. and Nemr , M. 1981 . Carbon 13 NMR spectra of lignins, 8. Structral differences between lignin of hardwood, softwood, grasses and compression wood . Holzforschung , 35 : 16 – 26 .
- Vazquez , G. , Antorrena , G. , Gonzalez , J. and Freire , S. 1997 . FTIR 1H and 13C NMR Characterization of acetosolv‐solubilized Pine and Eucalyptus lignins . Holzforschung , 51 ( 2 ) : 158 – 166 .
- Nimz , H. and Ludemann , H. D. 1976 . Kohlenstoff‐13‐NMR Spektren von Ligninen, 6. Lignin und DHP‐Acetate . Holzforschung , 30 : 33 – 40 .
- Nimz , H. H. , Robert , D. , Faix , O. and Nemr , M. 1981 . Carbon 13NMR spectra of lignins, 8. Structural differences between lignin of hardwood, softwood, grosses and compression wood . Holzforschung , 35 : 16 – 26 .