Alkaline Pre-treatment of Hardwood Chips Prior to Delignification

References

• Herrick , F. W. and Hergert , H. L. 1977 . “ Utilization of Chemicals from Wood: Retrospect and Prospect ” . In The Structure, Biosynthesis, and Degradation of Wood, Recent Advances in Phytochemistry , Edited by: Loewus , F. A. and Runecles , V. C. Vol. 11 , 443 – 515 . New York , , USA : Plenium Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein , I. S. and Ed . 1981 . Organic Chemicals from Biomass , Boca Raton, FL , , USA : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sinsky , A. J. 1983 . “ Organic Chemicals from Biomass: An Overview ” . In Organic Chemicals from Biomass , Edited by: Wise , D. L. 1 – 67 . London : The Benjamin/Cummins Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Alén , R . 1990 . “ Conversion of Cellulose-containing Materials into Useful Products ” . In Cellulose Sources and Exploitation - Industrial Utilization, Biotechnology, and Physico-Chemical Properties , Edited by: Kennedy , J. F , Phillips , G. O. and Williams , P. A. 453 – 464 . England : Ellis Horwood: Chichester .
   Google Scholar
• Kamm , B. and Kamm , M. 2004 . Principles of biorefineries . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol , 64 : 137 – 145 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamm , B. , Kamm , M. , Gruber , P. R. and Kromus , S. 2006 . “ Biorefinery Systems – An Overview ” . In Biorefineries – Industrial Processes and Products, Status Quo and Future Directions , Edited by: Kamm , B. , Gruber , P. R. and Kamm , M. Vol. 1 , 3 – 40 . Germany : Wiley-VCH: Weinheim .
   Google Scholar
• Alén , R. 2011 . “ Principles of Biorefining ” . In Biorefining of Forest Resources , Edited by: Alén , R. Vol. 20 , 56 – 115 . Helsinki , , Finland : Paper Engineers’ Association/Paperi ja Puu Oy .
   Google Scholar
• Carvalheiro , F. , Duarte , L. C. and Gírio , F. M. 2008 . Hemicellulose biorefineries: A review on biomass pretreatments . J. Sci. Ind. Res. , 67 : 849 – 864 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendriks , A. T.W.M. and Zeeman , G. 2009 . Pretreatments to enhance the digestibility of lignocellulosic biomass . Biores. Technol. , 100 : 10 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar , P. , Barret , D. M. , Delwiche , M. J. and Stroeve , P. 2009 . Methods for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for efficient hydrolysis and biofuel production . Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 48 : 3713 – 3729 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu , J. Y. , Pan , X. and Zalesny , R.S. Jr . 2010 . Pretreatment of woody biomass for biofuel production: energy efficiency, technologies, and recalcitrance . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol , 87 : 847 – 857 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tunc , M. S. 2008 . Hemicellulose Extraction of Southern Mixed Hardwoods Ph.D. thesis, University of Maine, USA
   Google Scholar
• Tunc , M. S. and van Heiningen , A. R.P. 2008 . Hemicellulose extraction of mixed southern hardwood with water at 150°C: Effect of time . Ind. Eng. Chem. Res , 47 : 7031 – 7037 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tunc , M. S. and van Heiningen , A. R.P. 2009 . Autohydrolysis of mixed southern hardwoods: Effect of P-factor . Nord. Pulp Paper Res. J , 24 : 46 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehto , J. and Alén , R. 2012 . Purification of hardwood-derived autohydrolysates . BioResources , 7 : 1813 – 1823 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Lopez , S , Tissot , M. and Delmas , M. 1996 . Integrated cereal straw valorization by analkaline pre-extraction of hemicellulose prior to soda-anthraquinone pulping. Case study of barley straw . Biomass Bioener. , 4 : 201 – 211 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Heiningen , A . 2006 . Converting a kraft pulp mill into an integrated forest biorefinery . Pulp Paper Can , 107 ( 6 ) : 38 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Dajani , W. and Tschirner , U. W. 2008 . Pre-extraction of hemicelluloses and subsequent kraft pulping. Part I: Alkaline extraction . Tappi J , 7 ( 6 ) : 3 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmerius , J. , von Walter , J. V. , Rova , U. , Berglund , K. A. and Hodge , D. B. 2010 . Impact of hemicellulose pre-extraction for bioconversion on birch kraft pulp properties. Biores . Technol. , 101 : 5996 – 6005 .
   Google Scholar
• Yoon , S.-H. , Tunc , M. S. and van Heiningen , A. 2011 . Near-neutral pre-extraction of hemicelluloses and subsequent kraft pulping of southern mixed hardwoods . Tappi J. , 10 ( 1 ) : 7 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu , G. , Heitmann , J. A. and Rojas , O. J. 2008 . Feedstock pretreatment strategies for producing ethanol from wood, bark and forest residues . BioResources , 3 : 270 – 294 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvira , P. , Tomás-Pejó , E. , Ballesteros , M. and Negro , M. J. 2010 . Pretreatment technologies for an efficient bioethanol production process based on enzymatic hydrolysis: A review . Biores. Technol. , 101 : 4851 – 4861 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjöström , E. 1993 . Wood Chemistry - Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd ed. , San Diego, CA , , USA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Alén , R . 2000 . “ Basic Chemistry of Wood Delignification ” . In Forest Products Chemistry , Edited by: Stenius , P. 58 – 104 . Helsinki , , Finland : Fapet Oy .
   Google Scholar
• Sun , Y. and Cheng , J. 2002 . Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: A review. Biores . Techn , 83 : 1 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Alén , R. , Niemelä , K. and Sjöström , E. 1985 . Modification of alkaline pulping to facilitate the isolation of aliphatic acids. Part 2 . Sodium hydroxide pretreatment of birch wood. J. Wood Chem. Technol , 5 : 335 – 345 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alén , R. , Niemelä , K. and Sjöström , E. 1984 . Modification of alkaline pulping to facilitate the isolation of aliphatic acids. Part 1 . Sodium hydroxide pretreatment of pine wood. J. Wood Chem. Technol , 4 : 405 – 419 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swan , B. 1965 . Isolation of acid-soluble lignin from the Klason lignin determination . Svensk Pappers- tidn , 68 : 791 – 795 .
   Google Scholar
• Toivanen , T.-J. and Alén , R. 2006 . Variations in the chemical composition within pine (Pinus sylvestris) trunks determined by diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics . Cellulose , 13 : 53 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toivanen , T.-J. and Alén , R. A . 2007 . FTIR/PLS method for determining variations in the chemical composition of birch (Betula pendula/B. pubescens) stem wood . Appita J. , 60 : 155 – 160 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alén , R. and Hartus , T. 1988 . UV spectrophotometric determination of lignin from alkaline pulping liquors . Cellulose Chem. Technol. , 22 : 613 – 618 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Käkölä , J. M. , Alén , R. J. , Isoaho , J. P. and Matilainen , R. B. 2008 . Determination of low-molecular-mass aliphatic carboxylic acids and inorganic anions from kraft black liquors by ion chromatography . J. Chromatogr. A , 1190 : 150 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Käkölä , J. , Alén , R. , Pakkanen , H. , Matilainen , R. and Lahti , K. 2007 . Quantitative determination of the main aliphatic carboxylic acids in wood kraft black liquors by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry . J. Chromatogr. A , 1139 : 263 – 270 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alén , R. , Niemelä , K. and Sjöström , E. 1984 . Gas-liquid chromatographic separation of hydroxy monocarboxylic acids and dicarboxylic acids on a fused silica capillary column . J. Chromatogr. , 301 : 27
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemelä , K. , Alén , R. and Sjöström , E. 1985 . The formation of carboxylic acids during kraft and kraft-anthraquinone pulping of birch wood . Holzforschung , 39 : 167 – 172 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar