510
Views
21
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Vanillin Formation by Electrooxidation of Lignin on Stainless Steel Anode: Kinetics and By-Products

&

REFERENCES

  • Canetti, M.; Bertini, F. Supermolecular structure and thermal properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/lignin composites. Composites Science and Technology 2007, 67(15–16), 3151–3157.
  • Tejado, A.; Pena, C.; Labidi, J.; Echeverria, J. M.; Mondragon, I. Physico-chemical characterization of lignins from different sources for use in phenol–formaldehyde resin synthesis. Bioresource Technology 2007, 98(8), 1655–1663.
  • Pouteau, C.; Dole, P.; Cathala, B.; Averous, L.; Boquillon, N. Antioxidant properties of lignin in polypropylene. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2007, 81(1), 9–18.
  • Ghatak, H. R. Spectroscopic comparison of lignin separated by electrolysis and acid precipitation of wheat straw soda black liquor. Industrial Crops and Products 2008, 28(2), 206–212.
  • Da Silva, E. A. B.; Zabkova, M.; Araujo, J. D.; Cateto, C. A.; Barreiro, M. F.; Belgacem, M. N.; Rodrigues, A. E. An integrated process to produce vanillin and lignin-based polyurethanes from kraft lignin. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 2009, 87(9), 1276–1292.
  • Xiao, C.; Bolton, R.; Pan, W. L. Lignin from rice straw Kraft pulping: Effects on soil aggregation and chemical properties. Bioresource Technology 2007, 98(7), 1482–1488.
  • Ghatak, H. R. Biorefineries from the perspective of sustainability: Feedstocks, products, and processes. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 2011, 15(1), 4042–4052.
  • International Energy Agency. International Energy Agency Bioenergy Task 42 Biorefinery Brochure 2010. http://www.biorefinery.nl/fileadmin/biorefinery/docs/Brochure_Totaal_definitief_HR_opt.pdf Accessed 15 September 2010.
  • Pucciariello, R.; Villani, V.; Bonini, C.; D'Auria, M.; Vetere, T. Physical properties of straw lignin-based polymer blends. Polymer 2004, 45(12), 4159–4169.
  • Suparno, O.; Covington, A. D.; Philips, P. S.; Evans, C. S. An innovative new application for waste phenolic compounds: Use of Kraft lignin and naphthols in leather tanning. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2005, 45(2), 114–127.
  • Kadla, J. F.; Kubo, S.; Venditti, R. A.; Gilbert, R. D.; Compere, A. L.; Griffith, W. Lignin-based carbon fibers for composite fiber applications. Carbon 2002, 40(15), 2913–2920.
  • Fierro, V.; Torne-Fernandez, V.; Celzard, A. Kraft lignin as a precursor for microporous activated carbons prepared by impregnation with ortho-phosphoric acid: Synthesis and textural characterisation. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 2006, 92(1–3), 243–250.
  • Hayashi, J.; Muroyama, K.; Gomes, V. G.; Watkinson, A. P. Fractal dimensions of activated carbons prepared from lignin by chemical activation. Carbon 2002, 40(4), 630–632.
  • Angles, M. N.; Reguant, J.; Garcia-Valls, R.; Salvado, J. Characteristics of lignin obtained from steam exploded softwood with soda/anthraquinone pulping. Wood Science and Technology 2003, 37(3–4), 309–320.
  • Bjorsvik, H. R.; Liguori, L. Organic processes to pharmaceutical chemicals based on fine chemicals from lignosulfonates. Organic Process Research & Development 2002, 6(3), 279–290.
  • British Petroleum. BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2015. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2015/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2015-full-report.pdf. Accessed 19 June 2016.
  • Kokossis, A. C.; Yang, A. On the use of systems technologies and a systematic approach for the synthesis and the design of future biorefineries. Computers & Chemical Engineering 2010, 34(9), 1397–1405.
  • Mathias, A. L.; Rodrigues, A. E. Production of vanillin by oxidation of pine kraft lignins with oxygen. Holzforschung 1995, 49(3), 273–278.
  • Tarabanko, V. E.; Petrukhov, D. V. Study of mechanism and improvement of the process of oxidative cleavage of lignins into the aromatic aldehydes. Chemistry for Sustainable Development 2003, 11(4), 655–667.
  • Villar, J. C.; Caperos, A.; Garcia-Ochoa, F. Oxidation of hardwood kraft lignin to phenolic derivatives with oxygen as oxidant. Wood Science and Technology 2001, 35(3), 245–255.
  • Kagawa, S. Studies on the utilization of alkali lignin (Part 2). On the preparation of vanillin by alkali nitrobenzene oxidation. Japan Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry 1970, 45(8), 424–428.
  • Kagawa, S.; Rokugawa, M. Studies on the utilization of alkali lignin (Part 3). On the preparation of vanillin by air oxidation. Japan Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry 1971, 46(10), 506–511.
  • Villar, J. C.; Caperos, A.; Garcia-Ochoa, F. Oxidation of hardwood kraft lignin to phenolic derivatives. Nitrobenzene and copper oxide as oxidants. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology 1997, 17(3), 259–285.
  • Wu, G.; Heitz, M. Catalytic mechanism of Cu2+ and Fe3+ in alkaline O2 oxidation of lignin. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology 1995, 15(2), 189–202.
  • Sales, F. G.; Abreu, C. A. M.; Pareira, J. A. F. R. Catalytic wet-air oxidation of lignin in a three-phase reactor with aromatic aldehyde production. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering 2004, 21(2), 211–218.
  • Voitl, T.; von Rohr, P. R. Demonstration of a process for the conversion of kraft lignin into vanillin and methyl vanillate by acidic oxidation in aqueous methanol. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2010, 49(2), 520–525.
  • Dhaouadi, A.; Adhoum, N. Degradation of paraquat herbicide by electrochemical advanced oxidation methods. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 2009, 637(1–2), 33–42.
  • Pan, K.; Tian, M.; Jiang, Z.; Kjartanson, B.; Chen, A. Electrochemical oxidation of lignin at lead dioxide nanoparticles photoelectrodeposited on TiO2 nanotube arrays. Electrochimica Acta 2012, 60(1), 147–153.
  • Tolba, R.; Tian, M.; Wen, J.; Jiang, Z.; Chen, A. Electrochemical oxidation of lignin at IrO2-based oxide electrodes. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 2010, 649(1–2), 9–15.
  • Utley, J. H. P.; Smith, C. Z. Electrochemical Treatment of Lignins. Patent No. WO1987003014 A1, 1987.
  • Stecker, F.; Malkowsky, I. M.; Fischer, A.; Waldvogel, S. R.; Regenbrecht, C. Method for Producing Vanillin by Electrochemical Oxidation of Aqueous Lignin Solutions or Suspensions. US Patent No. 8,808,781 B2, 2014.
  • Schmitt, D.; Regenbrecht, C.; Hartmer, M.; Stecker, F.; Waldvogel, S. R. Highly selective generation of vanillin by anodic degradation of lignin: a combined approach of electrochemistry and product isolation by adsorption. Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 2015, 11, 473–480.
  • Schmitt, D.; Regenbrecht, C.; Schubert, M.; Schollmeyer, D.; Waldvogel, S. R. Treatment of black liquors (BL) by adsorption on AE resins and a subsequent electrochemical degradation of BL to obtain vanillin. Holzforschung 2017, 71(1), 35–41.
  • Movil, O.; Garlock, M.; Staser, J. A. Non-precious metal nanoparticle electrocatalysts for electrochemical modification of lignin for low-energy and cost-effective production of hydrogen. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2014, 40(13), 4519–4530.
  • Fargues, C.; Mathias, A.; Rodrigues, A. Kinetics of vanillin production from kraft lignin oxidation. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 1996, 35(1), 28–36.
  • Fargues, C.; Mathias, A.; Silva, J.; Rodrigues, A. Kinetics of vanillin oxidation. Chemical Engineering and Technology 1996, 19(2), 127–136.
  • Ghatak, H. R. Advanced oxidation processes for the treatment of biorecalcitrant organics in wastewater. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 2014, 44(11), 1167–1219.
  • Qamar, M.; Muneer, M. A comparative photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide by investigating the degradation of vanillin. Desalination 2009, 249(2), 535–540.
  • Ghatak, H. R. Reaction Engineering Principles, CRC Press: New York, USA, 2016.
  • Tarabanko, V. E.; Petrukhov, D. V.; Selyutin, G. E. New mechanism for the catalytic oxidation of lignin to vanillin. Kinetics and Catalysis 2004, 45(4), 603–611.
  • Yang, S.; Yuan, T. Q.; Li, M. F.; Sun, R. C. Hydrothermal degradation of lignin: Products analysis for phenol formaldehyde adhesive synthesis. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2015, 72(1), 54–62.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.