Rhetorics of the Cognitive Vernacular: Blame Amid the Opioid Crisis

Works Cited

• Alicke, Mark D. “Incapacitating Conditions and Alteration of Blame.” Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, vol. 5, no. 6, 2000, pp. 651–64.
   Google Scholar
• Aristotle. The “Art” of Rhetoric. Translated by J. H. Freese, 1926 Loeb-Harvard UP, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Babad, Elisha, and Yosi Katz. “Wishful Thinking – Against All Odds.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology, vol. 21, no. 23, 1991, pp. 1921–38. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00514.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, Stephanie, et al. “Views of Addiction: Neuroscientists and Clinicians on the Clinical Impact of a ‘Brain Disease Model of Addiction.’.” Neuroethics, vol. 7, no. 1, 2014, pp. 19–27. doi:10.1007/s12152-013-9177-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boden, Margaret. Mind as Machine: A History of Cognitive Science, vol. 1, Oxford UP, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. U of California P, 1966.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, Karlyn Kohrs. “Agency: Promiscuous and Protean.” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, vol. 2, no. 1, 2005, pp. 1–19. doi:10.1080/1479142042000332134.
   Google Scholar
• Churchland, Paul M. “Folk Psychology and the Explanation of Human Behavior.” Philosophical Perspectives, vol. 3, 1989, pp. 225–41. doi:10.2307/2214269.
   Google Scholar
• Cicero. De Inventione. Translated by H.M. Hubbell, Loeb-Harvard UP, 1949.
   Google Scholar
• Concerned. “Heroin Ring Busted in Centreville.” Fairfax Underground, 20 Nov. 2008, http://www.fairfaxunderground.com/forum/read/2/133608/page-1.html.
   Google Scholar
• Demo, Anne Teresa. “Hacking Agency: Apps, Autism, and Neurodiversity.” Quarterly Journal of Speech, vol. 103, no. 3, 2017, pp. 277–300. doi:10.1080/00335630.2017.1321135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dretske, Fred I. “The Epistemology of Belief.” Synthese, vol. 55, no. 1, 1983, pp. 3–19. doi:10.1007/BF00485371.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumm, Thomas L. A Politics of the Ordinary. NYU P, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Earle, Chris S. “Dispossessed: Prisoner Response-Ability and Resistance at the Limits of Subjectivity.” Rhetoric Society Quarterly, vol. 46, no. 1, 2016, pp. 47–65. doi:10.1080/02773945.2015.1104718.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elam, Mark. “How the Brain Disease Paradigm Remoralizes Addictive Behavior.” Science as Culture, vol. 25, no. 1, 2015, pp. 46–64.
   Google Scholar
• Fahnestock, Jeanne. “Rhetoric in the Age of Cognitive Science.” The Viability of the Rhetorical Tradition, edited by Richard Graff, et al., State U of New York P, 2005, pp. 159–79.
   Google Scholar
• Feldman, Gilad, et al. “Free Will Is about Choosing: The Link between Choice and the Belief in Free Will.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 55, 2014, pp. 239–45. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.07.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ———. “Making Sense of Agency: Belief in Free Will as a Unique and Important Construct.” Social and Personality Psychology Compass, vol. 11, 2017, pp. 1–15. doi:10.1111/spc3.12293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A Friend. “Heroin Ring Busted in Centreville.” Fairfax Underground, 20 Nov. 2008, http://www.fairfaxunderground.com/forum/read/2/133608/page-1.html.
   Google Scholar
• Gaonkar, Dilip. “The Idea of Rhetoric in the Rhetoric of Science.” Southern Communication Journal, vol. 58, no. 4, 1993, pp. 258–95. doi:10.1080/10417949309372909.
   Google Scholar
• Geisler, Cheryl. “How Ought We to Understand the Concept of Rhetorical Agency? Report from the ARS.” Rhetoric Society Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 3, 2005, pp. 9–17. doi:10.1080/02773940409391286.
   Google Scholar
• Gendler, Tamar Szabó. “Alief and Belief.” The Journal of Philosophy, vol. 105, no. 10, 2008, pp. 634–63. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20620132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerken, Mikkel. On Folk Epistemology: How We Think and Talk about Knowledge. Oxford UP, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbons, Michelle G. “Beliefs about the Mind as Doxastic Inventional Resource: Freud, Neuroscience, and the Case of Dr. Spock’s Baby and Child Care.” Rhetoric Society Quarterly, vol. 44, no. 5, 2014, pp. 427–48. doi:10.1080/02773945.2014.957411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ———. “Seeing the Mind in the Matter: Functional Brain Imaging as Framed Visual Argument.” Argumentation and Advocacy, vol. 43, no. 3–4, 2007, pp. 175–88. doi:10.1080/00028533.2007.11821673.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, Caitlin. “When Heroin Hits Home.” Washington Post, 3 Nov. 2009, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/02/AR2009110202941.html. The Damage Done: Heroin in Centreville and the Death of Alicia Lannes.
   Google Scholar
• ———. “One Daughter’s Secret Revealed, Ultimately Too Late.” Washington Post, 4 Nov. 2009, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/03/AR2009110303829.html. The Damage Done: Heroin in Centreville and the Death of Alicia Lannes.
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, Elizabeth, et al. “Counterfactuals, Control, and Causation: Why Knowledgeable People Get Blamed More.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol. 41, no. 5, 2015, pp. 643–58. doi:10.1177/0146167215572137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodnight, G. Thomas. “The Personal, Technical, and Public Spheres of Argument: A Speculative Inquiry into the Art of Public Deliberation.” The Journal of the American Forensic Association, vol. 18, no. 4, 1982, pp. 214–27.
   Google Scholar
• Graham, S. Scott. “Agency and the Rhetoric of Medicine: Biomedical Brain Scans and the Ontology of Fibromyalgia.” Technical Communication Quarterly, vol. 18, no. 4, 2009, pp. 376–404. doi:10.1080/10572250903149555.
   Google Scholar
• ———. “The Opioid Epidemic and the Pursuit of Moral Medicine: A Computational-Rhetorical Analysis.” Written Communication, forthcoming.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruber, David R. “Three Forms of Neurorealism: Explaining the Persistence of the ‘Uncritically Real’ in Popular Neuroscience News.” Written Communication, vol. 34, no. 2, 2017, pp. 189–223. doi:10.1177/0741088317699899.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guglielmo, Steve, et al. “At the Heart of Morality Lies Folk Psychology.” Inquiry, vol. 52, no. 5, 2009, pp. 449–66. doi:10.1080/00201740903302600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunn, Joshua, and Dana L. Cloud. “Agentic Orientation as Magical Voluntarism.” Communication Theory, vol. 20, 2010, pp. 50–78. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2009.01349.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, Nathan G. The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States: Freud and the Americans, 1917-1985, vol. 2, Oxford UP, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Hauser, Gerard A. Vernacular Voices: The Rhetoric of Publics and Public Spheres. U of South Carolina P, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Hauser, Gerard A., and Erin Daina McClellan. “Vernacular Rhetoric and Social Movements: Performances of Resistance in the Rhetoric of the Everyday.” Active Rhetoric: Composing a Rhetoric for Social Movements, edited by Sharon Mckenzie Stevens and Patricia M. Malesh, State U of New York P, 2009, pp. 23–46.
   Google Scholar
• Herndl, Carl G., and Adela C. Licona. “Shifting Agency: Agency, Kairos, and the Possibilities of Social Action.” Communicative Practices in Workplaces and the Professions: Cultural Perspectives on the Regulation of Discourse and Organizations, edited by Mark Zachry and Charlotte Thralls, Baywood, 2007, pp. 133–53.
   Google Scholar
• Hobbs, Bonnie. 5 Years, 3 Months Prison for Schreider. Centre View [Centreville, Clifton, Little Rocky Run], 5-11 Mar. 2009, p. 4+.
   Google Scholar
• ———. 20-Year Sentence for Daniel Nash. Centre View [Centreville, Clifton, Little Rocky Run], 5–11 Mar. 2009, p. 4+.
   Google Scholar
• ———. 20 Years Prison for Schnippel. Centre View [Centreville, Clifton, Little Rocky Run], 30 July–5 Aug. 2009, p. 1+.
   Google Scholar
• ———. 26 Years, 8 Months Prison for Harper. Centre View [Centreville, Clifton, Little Rocky Run], 23 Jul.-29 Jul. 2009, p. 1+.
   Google Scholar
• ———. Family’s Heartache; Community’s Shame. Centre View [Centreville, Clifton, Little Rocky Run], 27 Nov.-3 Dec. 2008, p. 1+.
   Google Scholar
• ———. Four Sentenced in Heroin Crimes. Centre View [Centreville, Clifton, Little Rocky Run], 5–11 Mar. 2009, p. 1+.
   Google Scholar
• ———. Local Victim’s Parents Hope to Save Others. Centre View [Centreville, Clifton, Little Rocky Run], 27 Nov.-3 Dec. 2008, p. 1+.
   Google Scholar
• Ingraham, Chris. “Talking (About) the Elite and Mass: Vernacular Rhetoric and Discursive Status.” Philosophy and Rhetoric, vol. 46, no. 1, 2013, pp. 1–21. doi:10.5325/philrhet.46.1.0001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jack, Jordynn. “‘The Extreme Male Brain?’ Incrementum and the Rhetorical Gendering of Autism.” Disability Studies Quarterly, vol. 31, no. 3, 2011. doi:10.18061/dsq.v31i3.1672.
   Google Scholar
• Jack, Jordynn, and L. Gregory Appelbaum. “‘This Is Your Brain on Rhetoric’: Research Directions for Neurorhetorics.” Rhetoric Society Quarterly, vol. 40, no. 5, 2010, pp. 411–37. doi:10.1080/02773945.2010.516303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackman, Tom. “Bond Denied for 4 Charged with Heroin Distribution.” The Washington Post, 26 Nov. 2008, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/25/AR2008112502257.html
   Google Scholar
• ———. “Testimony Begins in case of Heroin Fatality.” The Washington Post, 5 May 2009, B04.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, Davi (see also Thornton, Davi Johnson). “How Do You Know unless You Look? Brain Imaging, Biopower and Practical Neuroscience.” Journal of Medical Humanities, vol. 29, no. 3, 2008, pp. 147–61. doi:10.1007/s10912-008-9062-4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Just, Sine Nørholm, and Kristine Marie Berg. “Disastrous Dialogue: Plastic Productions of Agency-Meaning Relationships.” Rhetoric Society Quarterly, vol. 46, no. 1, 2016, pp. 28–46. doi:10.1080/02773945.2015.1106008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klopott, Freeman. “Last Conspirator in Heroin Ring Convicted.” Washington Examiner, 4 May 2009, http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/last-conspirator-in-heroin-ring-convicted.
   Google Scholar
• Koerber, Amy. Breast or Bottle?: Contemporary Controversies in Infant-Feeding Policy and Practice. U of South Carolina P, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Kuperavage, Jessica. “Petitioning against the ‘Opium Evil’: Economic Policy as Humanitarian Intervention in Early Antidrug Rhetoric.” Southern Communication Journal, vol. 79, no. 5, 2014, pp. 369–86. doi:10.1080/1041794X.2014.928898.
   Google Scholar
• Lembke, Anna. Drug Dealer, MD: How Doctors Were Duped, Patients Got Hooked, and Why It’s so Hard to Stop. Johns Hopkins UP, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Lepore, Ernest, and Zenon Pylyshn, editors. What Is Cognitive Science? Wiley-Blackwell, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Lillard, Angeline. “Ethnopsychologies: Cultural Variations in Theories of Mind.” Psychological Bulletin, vol. 123, no. 1, 1998, pp. 3–32. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.123.1.3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littlefield, Melissa M., and Jenell M. Johnson, editors. The Neuroscientific Turn: Transdisciplinarity in the Age of the Brain. U of Michigan P, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Lyne, John Russell. “Rhetoric and Everyday Knowledge.” Central States Speech Journal, vol. 32, no. 3, 1981, pp. 145–52. doi:10.1080/10510978109368090.
   Google Scholar
• Mackey-Kallis, Susan, and Dan Hahn. “Who’s to Blame for America’s Drug Problem?: The Search for Scapegoats in the ‘War on Drugs’.” Communication Quarterly, vol. 42, no. 1, 1994, pp. 1–20. doi:10.1080/01463379409369911.
   Google Scholar
• Macy, Beth. Dopesick: Dealers, Doctors, and the Drug Company that Addicted America. Little, Brown, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Malle, Bertram, et al. “A Theory of Blame.” Psychological Inquiry, vol. 25, no. 2, 2014, pp. 147–86. doi:10.1080/1047840X.2014.877340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarver, Virginia. “The Rhetoric of Choice and 21st-Century Feminism: Online Conversations about Work, Family, and Sarah Palin.” Women’s Studies in Communication, vol. 34, 2011, pp. 20–41. doi:10.1080/07491409.2011.566532.
   Google Scholar
• McGinty, Emma, et al. “Criminal Activity or Treatable Health Condition? News Media Framing of Opioid Analgesic Abuse in the United States, 1998-2012.” Psychiatric Services, vol. 67, no. 4, 2016, pp. 405–11. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201500065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier, Barry. Pain Killer: An Empire of Deceit and the Origin of America’s Opioid Epidemic. Random House, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Monroe, A. E., et al. “Bringing Free Will down to Earth: People’s Psychological Concept of Free Will and Its Role in Moral Judgment.” Consciousness and Cognition, vol. 27, 2014, pp. 100–08. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.04.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor, Cliodhna, et al. “Neuroscience in the Public Sphere.” Neuron, vol. 74, 2012, pp. 220–26. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.04.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ono, Kent A., and John M. Sloop. “The Critique of Vernacular Discourse.” Communication Monographs, vol. 62, no. 1, 1995, pp. 19–46. doi:10.1080/03637759509376346.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ———. Shifting Borders: Rhetoric, Immigration, and California’s Proposition 187. Temple UP, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Pickersgill, Martyn. “The Social Life of the Brain: Neuroscience in Society.” Current Sociology, vol. 61, no. 3, 2013, pp. 322–40. doi:10.1177/0011392113476464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitts-Taylor, Victoria. The Brain’s Body: Neuroscience and Corporeal Politics. Duke UP, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Quinones, Sam. Dreamland: The True Tale of America’s Opioid Epidemic. Bloomsbury, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Quintillian. Institutio Oratoria. Translated by H.E. Butler, vol. 4, Loeb-Harvard UP, 1920.
   Google Scholar
• realtbytes. “Heroin Ring Busted in Centreville.” Fairfax Underground, 20 Nov. 2008, http://www.fairfaxunderground.com/forum/read/2/133608/page-1.html.
   Google Scholar
• Savani, Krishna, and Aneeta Rattan. “A Choice Mind-Set Increases the Acceptance and Maintenance of Wealth Inequality.” Psychological Science, vol. 23, no. 7, 2012, pp. 796–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaver, Kelly. The Attribution of Blame: Causality, Responsibility, and Blameworthiness. Springer-Verlag, 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Shepard, Jason, and Aneyn O’Grady. “What Kinds of Alternative Possibilities are Required of the Folk Concept(s) of Choice?” Consciousness and Cognition, vol. 48, 2017, pp. 138–48. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.11.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sousa, Paulo. “On Folk Conceptions of Mind, Agency and Morality.” Journal of Cognition and Culture, vol. 6, no. 1–2, 2006, pp. 1–25. doi:10.1163/156853706776931321.
   Google Scholar
• Sowards, Stacey. “Rhetorical Agency as Haciendo Caras and Differential Consciousness through Lens of Gender, Race, Ethnicity, and Class: An Examination of Dolores Huerta’s Rhetoric.” Communication Theory, vol. 20, 2010, pp. 223–47. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2010.01361.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starmans, Christina, and Ori Friedman. “The Folk Conception of Knowledge.” Cognition, vol. 124, no. 3, 2012, pp. 272–83. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.05.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• States News Service. “Centreville Man Found Guilty of Distributing Heroin Resulting in Death.” 5 May. 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, Kathleen. Ordinary Affects. Duke U P, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Sturrock, Staci. “Does She Look like a Heroin Addict?” The Palm Beach Post, 9 Oct. 2013, http://www.palmbeachpost.com/article/20131009/LIFESTYLE/812051864.
   Google Scholar
• “Teen Heroin Ring in Centreville; Parents Talk; Several Young Co-Conspirators Face 20-Year Sentences,” live online question and answer session with Greg Lannes and Donna Lannes, moderated by Caitlin Gibson. Washington Post, 4 Nov. 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Thornton, Davi Johnson (see also Johnson, Davi). Brain Culture: Neuroscience and Popular Media. Rutgers U P, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner, Wolfgang. “Vernacular Science Knowledge: Its Role in Everyday Life Communication.” Public Understanding of Science, vol. 16, no. 1, 2007, pp. 7–22. doi:10.1177/0963662506071785.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward, Gary. The Rhetoric of Intention in Human Affairs. Lexington Books, 2013.
   Google Scholar