Rhetorical contexts and hedges

Works cited

• Beaugrande , Robert de . 1985 . Writing Step by Step: Easy Strategies for Writing and Revising , Chicago : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich .
   Google Scholar
• Berlyne , David E. 1960 . Conflict. Arousal, and Curiosity , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Bitzer , Lloyd F. 1968 . “The Rhetorical Situation” . Philosophy and Rhetoric , : 1 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Brace , Bertram . 1981 . “A Social Interaction Model of Reading” . Discourse Processes , 4 : 273 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Crismore , Avon . “Metadiscourse as Text‐Rhetoric in School and Nonschool Texts: A Discourse Analysis” . Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Conference . Dublin. pp. 233 – 64 . Reading Association of Ireland .
   Google Scholar
• Crismore , Avon and Farnsworth , Rodney . “Metadiscourse in Popular and Professional Science Discourse” . In The Writing Scholar: Studies in the Language and Conventions of Academic Discourse , Edited by: Nash , Walter . Newbeny Park, CA : Sage . forthcoming
   Google Scholar
• Crismore , Avon and Farnsworth , Rodney . 1989 . “Mr. Darwin and His Readers: Exploring Interpersonal Metadiscourse as a Dimension of Ethos” . Rhetoric Review , : 91 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• Crismore , Avon and Kopple , William J. Vande . 1988 . “Readers’ Learning from Prose: The Effects of Hedges” . Written Communication , 5 : 184 – 202 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darwin , Charles . 1967 . On the Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the First Edition , Edited by: Mayr , Enst . New York : Atheneum .
   Google Scholar
• Dillon , George L. 1985 . Rhetoric as Social Imagination: Explorations in the Interpersonal Dimension of Language , Bloomington : Indiana U. Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fahnestock , Jeanne . 1986 . “Accommodating Science: The Rhetorical Life of Scientific Facts” . Written Communication. , 3 : 275 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliday , Michael A.K. 1985 . An Introduction to Functional Grammar , London : Arnold .
   Google Scholar
• Hosman , Lawrence A. and Wright , John W. II . 1987 . “The Effects of Hedges and Hesitations on Impression Formation in a Simulation Courtroom Context” . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 51 : 173 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Hairston , Maxine . 1981 . Successful Writing, A Rhetoric for Advanced Composition , New York : Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Huber , Günter . 1988 . “Preferences for Learning” . Presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association . 1988 , New Orleans.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , Dale U. and Johnson , Richard T. 1979 . “Conflict in the Classroom: Controversy and Learning” . Review of Educational Research , 49 : 51 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laib , Nevin K. 1985 . “Territoriality in Rhetoric” . College English , 47 : 579 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lannon , John M. 1985 . The Writing Process, A Concise Rhetoric , Boston : Little Brown .
   Google Scholar
• Lipson , Marjorie Y. 1982 . “Learning New Information from Text The Role of Prior Knowledge and Reading Ability” . Journal of Reading Behavior , 14 : 243 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luke , Carmen , de Castell , Suzanne and Luke , Allen . 1989 . “Beyond Criticism: The Authority of the School Textbook” . In Language, Authority, and Criticism , Edited by: de Castell , Suzanne , Luke , Allan and Luke , Carmen . 245 – 260 . New York : Falmer .
   Google Scholar
• Markkanen , Raija . “Hedging and Modality” . Paper presented at the Modality Seminar . Jyväskylä, , Finland : University of Jyväskylä .
   Google Scholar
• Markkanen , Raija and Schröder , Harmut . 1987 . “Hedging and its Linguistic Realizations in English, German and Finnish Philosophical Texts: A Case Study” . In Erikoiskieslet ja Käännösteoria, Vakki‐Seminaari VII , 47 – 57 . Vaasa, , Finland : Vassan Korkeakoulu. Kielten Laitos . Vaasa
   Google Scholar
• Markkanen , Raija and Schröder , Harmut . “Hedging as a Translation Problem in Scientific Texts” . Proceedings of the Language for Specific Purposes (LSP) Symposium . Vaasa, , Finland : University of Vaasa .
   Google Scholar
• Millward , Celia . 1980 . Handbook for Writers , New York : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Olson , David R. 1989 . “On the Language and Authority of Textbooks” . In Language Authority, and Criticism: Readings on the School Textbook , Edited by: de Castell , Suzanne , Luke , Allan and Luke , Carmen . 233 – 244 . New York : Falmer .
   Google Scholar
• Packer , Nancy H. and Timpane , John . 1986 . Writing Worth Reading, A Practical Guide , New York : St. Martins .
   Google Scholar
• Park , Douglas B. 1986 . “Analyzing Audiences” . College Composition and Communication , 37 : 478 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne , Lucille V. 1975 . The Lively Art of Writing , 3rd ed. , Chicago : Follett .
   Google Scholar
• Ruthrof , Hans . 1981 . The Reader's Construction of Narrative , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Walzer , Arthur E. 1987 . “Lloyd Bitzer's ‘Rhetorical Situation’ and the ‘Exigencies’ of Academic Discourse” . Presented at the Conferences of College Composition and Communication . 1987 , Atlanta.
   Google Scholar
• Watzlawick , Paul , Beavin , Janet H. and Jackson , Dawn D. 1967 . The Pragmatics of Human Communication: A Study of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies, and Paradoxes , New York : Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Zinsser , William . 1976 . On Writing Well , New York : Harper and Row .
   Google Scholar