Development and Evaluation of a Compact Facility for Exposing Humans to Concentrated Ambient Ultrafine Particles

REFERENCES

• Appel , B. R. , Tokiwa , Y. , Haik , M. and Kothny , E. L. 1984 . Artifact Particulate Sulfate and Nitrate Formation on Filter Media . J. Air Waste Mgmt. Assoc. , 42 : 409 – 416 .
   Google Scholar
• Chang , M. C. , Sioutas , C. , Kim , S. , Gong , H. Jr. and Linn , W. S. 2000 . Reduction of Nitrate Losses from Filter and Impactor Samplers by Means of Concentration Enrichment . Atmos. Environ. , 34 : 85 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson , K. , Li , X. Y. and MacNee , W. 1998 . Ultrafine (Nanometer) Particle Mediated Lung Injury . J. Aerosol Sci. , 29 : 553 – 560 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreher , K. L. , Jaskot , R. H. , Lehmann , J. R. , Richards , J. H. , McGee , J. K. , Ghio , A. J. and Costa , D. L. 1997 . Soluble Transition Metals Mediate Residual Oil Fly Ash Induced Acute Lung Injury . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 50 : 285 – 305 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferin , J. , Oberdörster , G. , Soderholm , S. C. and Gelein , R. 1991 . Pulmonary Tissue Access of Ultrafine Particles . J. Aerosol Med. , 4 : 57 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Fine , P. M. , Shen , S. and Sioutas , C. 2003 . Inferring the Sources of Fine and Ultrafine Particulate Matter at Downwind Receptor Sites in the Los Angeles Basin Using Multiple Continuous Measurements . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , accepted February 2003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finlayson-Pitts , B. J. and Pitts , J. N. 1986 . Atmospheric Chemistry: Fundamentals and Experimental Techniques , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Ghio , A. J. , Stonehuerner , J. , Pritchard , R. J. , Piantadosi , C. A. , Quigley , D. R. , Dreher , K. L. and Costa , D. L. 1996 . Humic-like Substances in Air Pollution Particulates Correlate with Concentrations of Transition Metals and Oxidant Generation . Inhal. Toxicol. , 8 : 479 – 494 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyder , J. , Brand , P. , Heinrich , J. , Peters , A. , Scheuh , G. , Tuch , T. and Wichmann , E. 1–3 May 1996 . “ Size Distribution of Ambient Particles and Its Relevance to Human Health ” . In 2nd Colloquium on Particulate Air Pollution and Health 1–3 May , Park City, Utah
   Google Scholar
• International Commission on Radiological Protection . 1994 . Human Respiratory Tract Model for Radiological Protection; A Report of Committee 2 of the ICRP , Oxford : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , S. , Jaques , P. , Chang , M. C. , Froines , J. R. and Sioutas , C. 2001a . A Versatile Aerosol Concentrator for Simultaneous In Vivo and In Vitro Evaluation of Toxic Effects of Coarse, Fine and Ultrafine Particles: Part I: Laboratory Evaluation . J. Aerosol Sci. , 11 : 1281 – 1297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , S. , Jaques , P. , Chang , M. C. , Xiong , C. , Friedlander , S. K. and Sioutas , C. 2001b . A Versatile Aerosol Concentrator for Simultaneous In Vivo and In Vitro Evaluation of Toxic Effects of Coarse, Fine and Ultrafine Particles: Part II: Field Evaluation . J. Aerosol Sci. , 11 : 1299 – 1314 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , S. , Shi , S. , Zhu , Y. , Hinds , W. C. and Sioutas , C. 2002 . Size Distribution, Diurnal and Seasonal Trends of Ultrafine Particles in Source and Receptor Sites of the Los Angeles Basin . J. Air Waste Mgmt. Assoc. , 52 : 174 – 185 .
   Google Scholar
• Li , N. , Sioutas , C. , Cho , A. , Schmitz , D. , Misra , C. , Wang , M. , Oberley , T. , Froines , J. R. and Nel , A. 2003 . Ultrafine Particulate Pollutants Induce Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Damage . Environ. Health Perspect. , 111 : 455 – 460 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippmann , M. 1977 . “ Regional Deposition of Particles in the Human Respiratory Tract ” . In Handbook of Physiology, Reaction to Environmental Agents , Edited by: Lee , D. H. K. , Falk , H. L. , Murphy , S. O. and Geiger , S. R. Bethesda, MD : American Physiological Society .
   Google Scholar
• Loo , B. W. and Cork , C. P. 1988 . Development of High Efficiency Virtual Impactors . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 9 : 167 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misra , C. , Kim , S. , Shen , S. and Sioutas , C. 2002 . A High Flow Rate, Low Pressure Drop Impactor for Inertial Separation of Ultrafine from Accumulation Mode Particles . J. Aerosol Sci. , 33 : 735 – 752 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberdörster , G. , Ferin , J. , Gelein , R. , Soderholm , S. C. and Finkelstein , J. 1992 . Role of Alveolar Macrophage in Lung Injury; Studies with Ultrafine Particles . Environ. Health Perspect. , 102 : 173 – 179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters , A. , Dockery , D. W. , Heinrich , J. and Wichmann , H. E. 1997 . Short-term Effects of Particulate Air Pollution on Respiratory Morbidity in Asthmatic Children . Eur. Respir. J. , 10 : 872 – 879 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitby , K. T. and Svendrup , G. M. 1980 . California Aerosols: Their Physical and Chemical Characteristics . Adv. Environ. Sci. Technol. , 10 : 477
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , X. Q. and McMurry , P. H. 1987 . Theoretical Analysis of Evaporative Losses from Impactor Surfaces . Atmos. Environ. , 21 : 1779 – 1789 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar